Chimeric receptors and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is related to compositions that include polynucleotides encoding chimeric receptors, methods of delivering polynucleotides encoding chimeric receptors to immune cells, and methods of using immune cells encoding chimeric receptors to treat or prevent cancer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/327,954, filed Apr. 26, 2016, the disclosures of which are hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety.

SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON ASCII TEXT FILE

The content of the following submission on ASCII text file isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readableform (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: 735022001200SEQLIST.TXT,date recorded: Apr. 18, 2017, size: 71 KB).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to chimeric receptors and therapeuticuses of such chimeric receptors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The innate immune system plays an important role in anti-tumor immunityThe major effector cells of the innate immune system that target cancercells include natural killer (NK) cells and myeloid cells such asdendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and neutrophils. Although myeloidcells can promote tumor immunity by presenting tumor antigens tocytotoxic T cells and phagocytosing apoptotic tumor cells, myeloid cellsare also major contributors to the chronic inflammation that drives animmunosuppressive environment benefiting tumor growth. For example,myeloid cells accumulating in tumor-bearing subjects may play animportant role in tumor non-responsiveness by suppressingantigen-specific T cell responses. In addition, tumor associatedmacrophages (TAMs), a major inflammatory cell component of tumors, canpromote immunosuppression, tumor progression, and metastases.Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are also known to accumulate incancer patients, and function by suppressing both innate and adaptiveimmune responses.

Therefore, myeloid cells represent an attractive therapeutic target forcancer. For example, targeted modification of myeloid cell trafficking,activation, and function may have a substantial positive impact oncancer progression. Accordingly, there is a need for approaches thatenhance one or more myeloid cell activities, such as myeloid cellactivation, proliferation, survival, phagocytosis, and/or functionalityagainst pathologies associated with cancer.

All references cited herein, including patent applications andpublications, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to meet the above needs, certain aspects of the presentdisclosure relate to a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor,wherein the chimeric receptor comprises: (1) an extracellularligand-binding domain, wherein the ligand is an agent associated withcancer; (2) a transmembrane domain; and (3) a signaling domain, whereinbinding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in an innateimmune cell activates the signaling domain, and the activated signalingdomain induces and/or enhances (i) an M1 phenotype in the innate immunecell, (ii) secretion of one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines from theinnate immune cell, (iii) the innate immune cell's activity ininhibiting an immune checkpoint molecule, (iv) the innate immune cell'sactivity in inhibiting myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) suppressorsignaling, (v) the innate immune cell's activity in inducing cytotoxic Tcell (CTL) activation, (vi) the innate immune cell's activity indepressing a T cell, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments,the polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 27-33.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to an isolatedpolynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor, wherein the polynucleotidecomprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs: 27-33.

In certain embodiments that may be combined with any of the precedingembodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises an amino acid sequenceselected form the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 20-26. In certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the ligand-binding domain is selected from the group consisting of asingle-domain antibody, a nanobody, a heavy-chain antibody, a V_(NAR)fragment, a single-chain Fv domain (scFv), a V_(L) domain linked to aV_(H) domain by a flexible linker, an antibody Fab, and an extracellulardomain of a receptor. In certain embodiments that may be combined withany of the preceding embodiments, the agent associated with cancer is atumor antigen. In certain embodiments that may be combined with any ofthe preceding embodiments, the tumor antigen is selected from the groupconsisting of CD19, CD20, CD22, ROR1, mesothelin, CD33/IL3Ra, c-Met,PSMA, Glycolipid F77, EGFRvIII, GD-2, NY-ESO-1, and MAGE A3. hi certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the ligand-binding domain is a CD19 single-chain variable fragment(scFv) domain. In certain embodiments that may be combined with any ofthe preceding embodiments, the cancer is selected from the groupconsisting of bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer,rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, renal cell cancer,renal pelvis cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin'slymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer,fibrosarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia(AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukemia(CML), multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis,primary or idiopathic myelofibrosis, primary or idiopathicmyelosclerosis, myeloid-derived tumors, thyroid cancer, and anycombination thereof. In certain embodiments that may be combined withany of the preceding embodiments, the transmembrane domain is atransmembrane domain from a protein selected from the group consistingof a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), an M-CSF receptor, CSF-1R, Kit,TIE3, an ITAM-containing protein, DAP12, DAP10, an Fc receptor,FcR-gamma, FcR-epsilon, FcR-beta, TCR-zeta, CD3-gamma, CD3-delta,CD3-epsilon, CD3-zeta, CD3-eta, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD66d,TNF-alpha, NF-kappaB, a TLR (toll-like receptor), TLR5, Myd88,lymphocyte receptor chain, IL-2 receptor, IgE, IgG, CD16α, FcγRIII,FcγRII, CD28, 4-1BB, CD4, and CD8. In certain embodiments that may becombined with any of the preceding embodiments, the transmembrane domainis a transmembrane domain selected from the group consisting of a CD8transmembrane domain, a DAP12 transmembrane domain, a CASF-1Rtransmembrane domain, and a TLR5 transmembrane domain. In certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the signaling domain is a signaling domain selected from the groupconsisting of a 4-1BB intracellular domain, a CSF-1R receptor tyrosinekinase (RTK) intracellular domain, a TLR5 intracellular domain, a CD28intracellular domain, and any combination thereof. In certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the innate immune cell is an innate immune cell selected from the groupconsisting of macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2macrophages, neutrophils, activated neutrophils, NK cells, dendriticcells, monocytes, osteoclasts, Langerhans cells, Kupffer cells,microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia,astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, and any combination thereof.In certain embodiments that may be combined with any of the precedingembodiments, the innate immune cell is a myeloid cell. In certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the chimeric receptor further comprises one or more additional signalingdomains. In certain embodiments that may be combined with any of thepreceding embodiments, the one or more additional signaling domainscomprise a signaling domain from one or more proteins selected from thegroup consisting of a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), an M-CSF receptor,CSF-1R, Kit, TIE3, DAP12, DAP10, an Fc receptor, FcR-gamma, FcR-epsilon,FcR-beta, TCR-zeta, CD3-gamma, CD3-delta, CD3-epsilon, CD3-zeta,CD3-eta, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD66d, TNF-alpha, NF-KappaB, a TLR(toll-like receptor), TLR5, Myd88, TOR/CD3 complex, lymphocyte receptorchain, IL-2 receptor, IgE, IgG, CD16α, FcγRIII, FcγRII, CD28, 4-1BB, andany combination thereof. In certain embodiments that may be combinedwith any of the preceding embodiments, the one or more additionalsignaling domains comprise a signaling domain selected from the groupconsisting of a CD3-zeta ITAM domain, a CD3-zeta intracellular domain, aDAP12 intracellular domain, a TCR-zeta intracellular domain, a DAP10intracellular domain, an FcR-gamma intracellular domain, and anycombination thereof. In certain embodiments that may be combined withany of the preceding embodiments, the chimeric receptor furthercomprises a flexible linker located between the transmembrane domain andthe signaling domain. In certain embodiments that may be combined withany of the preceding embodiments, the flexible linker is a flexiblelinker selected from the group consisting of a CD8 hinge domain, a TLR5hinge domain, and a CSF-1R linker domain. In certain embodiments thatmay be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the chimericreceptor further comprises a signal peptide at the N-terminus of thechimeric receptor. In certain embodiments that may be combined with anyof the preceding embodiments, the signal peptide is a CD8 secretorysignal peptide. In certain embodiments that may be combined with any ofthe preceding embodiments, the chimeric receptor further comprises aheterodimerization domain. In certain embodiments that may be combinedwith any of the preceding embodiments, the heterodimerization domain isan inducible heterodimerization domain. In certain embodiments that maybe combined with any of the preceding embodiments, theheterodimerization domain is a FK506 binding protein (FKBP)heterodimerization domain. In certain embodiments that may be combinedwith any of the preceding embodiments, the heterodimerization domain isa T2089L mutant of FKBP-rapamycin binding domain (FRB*)heterodimerization domain. In certain embodiments that may be combinedwith any of the preceding embodiments, binding of the ligand to thechimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell induces one ormore innate immune cell activities selected from: a. TREM1phosphorylation; b. DAP12 phosphorylation; c. activation of one or moretyrosine kinases; d. activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K);e. activation of protein kinase B, f. recruitment of phospholipaseC-gamma (PLC-gamma) to a cellular plasma membrane, activation ofPLC-gamma, or both; g. recruitment of TEC-family kinase dVav to acellular plasma membrane; h, activation of nuclear factor-rB (NE-rB); i.inhibition of MAPK signaling; j. phosphorylation of linker foractivation of T cells (LAT), linker for activation of B cells (LAB), orboth; k. activation of IL-2-induced tyrosine kinase (Itk); 1. modulationof one or more pro-inflammatory mediators selected from the groupconsisting of IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CRP, IL-20 familymembers, IL-33, LIF, IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, IL-17,IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10, MCP-1, and any combination thereof; m. modulationof one or more anti-inflammatory mediators selected from the groupconsisting of IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-13, IL-35, IL-16, IFN-α, IL-1Rα,VEGF, G-CSF, soluble receptors for TNF, soluble receptors for IL-6, andany combination thereof; n. phosphorylation of extracellularsignal-regulated kinase (ERK); o. modulated expression of C—C chemokinereceptor 7 (CCR7); p. induction of microglial cell chemotaxis towardCCL19 and CCL21 expressing cells; q. normalization of disruptedITAM-dependent gene expression; r. recruitment of Syk, ZAP70, or both toan ITAM complex; s. increased activity of one or more ITAM-dependentgenes or CSF-1R-dependent genes; t. increased maturation of dendriticcells, monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, andM2 microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or anycombination thereof; u. increased ability of dendritic cells, monocytes,microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, and M2 microglia,macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages,astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof toprime or modulate the function of T cells; v. enhanced ability,normalized ability, or both of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells toprime or modulate function of antigen-specific T cells; w. induction ofosteoclast production, increased rate of osteoclastogenesis, or both; x.increased survival of dendritic cells, macrophages, M1 macrophages,activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, monocytes, osteoclasts,Langerhans cells, Kupffer cells, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1microglia, M2 microglia, Astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, orany combination thereof; y. increased function of dendritic cells,macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages,microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia,astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof; z.increasing phagocytosis by dendritic cells, macrophages, M1 macrophages,activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, monocytes, microglia, M1microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia, astrocytes, A1astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof; aa. induction ofone or more types of clearance selected from the group consisting ofapoptotic neuron clearance, nerve tissue debris clearance, non-nervetissue debris clearance, bacteria clearance, other foreign bodyclearance, disease-causing protein clearance, disease-causing peptideclearance, disease-causing nucleic acid clearance, tumor cell clearance,and any combination thereof; bb. induction of phagocytosis of one ormore of apoptotic neurons, nerve tissue debris, non-nerve tissue debris,dysfunctional synapses, bacteria, other foreign bodies, disease-causingproteins, disease-causing peptides, disease-causing nucleic acids, tumorcells, or any combination thereof; cc. increased expression of one ormore stimulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of CD83,CD86 MHC class II, CD40, and any combination thereof; dd. modulatedexpression of one or more proteins selected from the group consisting ofC1qa, C1qB, C1qC, C1s, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA,VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TyroBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX,PYCARD, VEGF, and any combination thereof; ee. activation of tumor cellkilling by one or more of microglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bonemarrow-derived dendritic cells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof;ff. activating anti-tumor cell proliferation activity of one or more ofmicroglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-derived dendriticcells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof; gg. activatinganti-tumor cell metastasis activity of one or more of microglia,macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,neutrophils, or any combination thereof; hh. decreasing tumor volume;ii. decreasing tumor growth rate; and jj. increasing efficacy of one ormore immune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor T cell responses,optionally wherein the one or more immune-therapies are selected fromPD1/PDL1 blockade, CTLA-4 blockade, and cancer vaccines. In certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the polynucleotide is a DNA polynucleotide. In certain embodiments thatmay be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, thepolynucleotide is an RNA polynucleotide.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to a vector comprisingthe polynucleotide of any of the preceding embodiments. In certainembodiments, the vector is a lentiviral vector, a retroviral vector, asleeping beauty vector, an AAV vector, or a non-viral plasmid vector.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to an isolated chimericreceptor encoded by the polynucleotide of any of the precedingembodiments.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to an isolated innateimmune cell comprising the polynucleotide of any of the precedingembodiments. Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to anisolated innate immune cell comprising the vector of any of thepreceding embodiments. Other aspects of the present disclosure relate toan isolated innate immune cell comprising the chimeric receptor of anyof the preceding embodiments. In certain embodiments that may becombined with any of the preceding embodiments, the cell is a myeloidcell. In certain embodiments that may be combined with any of thepreceding embodiments, the cell is selected from the group consisting ofa macrophage, an M1 macrophage, an activated M1 macrophage, an M2macrophage, a neutrophil, a NK cell, a dendritic cell, a monocyte, anosteoclast, a Langerhans cell, a Kupffer cell, a microglial cell, an M1microglial cell, an activated M1 microglial cell, an M2 microglial cell,an astrocyte, an A1 astrocyte, and an A2 astrocyte. In certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the cell lacks one or more genes encoding one or more immune moleculesthat allow for recognition by the adaptive immune system. In certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the one or more immune molecules are MHC class I molecules, MHC class Ico-receptors, MHC class II molecules, MHC class II co-receptors, or anycombination thereof. In certain embodiments that may be combined withany of the preceding embodiments, the one or more genes were deletedusing a nuclease selected from the group consisting of a Cas9 nuclease,a TALEN, and a ZFN.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to an isolated myeloidcell expressing the chimeric receptor of any of the precedingembodiments, wherein the cell phenotype is modified in vitro or in vivoby addition of one or more of GM-CSF, MCSF, IL-1, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12,TNF-α, TGF-beta, LPS, or any combination thereof.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method of producingan innate immune cell expressing a chimeric receptor, comprising: (a)isolating an innate immune cell; (b) introducing the vector of any ofthe preceding embodiments into the cell; and (c) culturing the cell sothat the chimeric receptor is expressed. In certain embodiments that maybe combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the innate immunecell is a myeloid cell. In certain embodiments that may be combined withany of the preceding embodiments, the innate immune cell is selectedfrom the group consisting of a macrophage, an M1 macrophage, anactivated M1 macrophage, an M2 macrophage, a neutrophil, a NK cell, adendritic cell, a monocyte, an osteoclast, a Langerhans cell, a Kupffercell, a microglial cell, an M1 microglial cell, an activated M1microglial cell, an M2 microglial cell, an astrocyte, an A1 astrocyte,and an A2 astrocyte. Other aspects of the present disclosure relate toan isolated innate immune cell comprising a chimeric receptor producedby the method of any one of the preceding embodiments.

In certain embodiments that may be combined with any of the precedingembodiments, the cell further expresses one or more signaling factorsthat promote an M2 phenotype by inhibiting a TNF-alpha/NF-KappaB pathwaya TLR/MyD88 pathway, or both. In certain embodiments that may becombined with any of the preceding embodiments, the one or moresignaling factors that promote an M2 phenotype by inhibiting aTNF-alpha/NF-KappaB pathway are selected from the group consisting of adominant negative IKK-alpha, a dominant negative IKK-alpha IKK-beta, adominant negative IKK-alpha IKBa (IKBa-DN), a MEKK isoform, and anycombination thereof. In certain embodiments that may be combined withany of the preceding embodiments, the one or more signaling factors thatpromote an M2 phenotype by inhibiting a TLR/MyD88 pathway are one ormore dominant negative forms of MyD88.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the polynucleotide of any of the precedingembodiments, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Other aspects ofthe present disclosure relate to a pharmaceutical composition comprisingthe vector of any of the preceding embodiments, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to apharmaceutical composition comprising the chimeric receptor of any ofthe preceding embodiments, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the isolated cell of any of the precedingembodiments, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method ofpreventing, reducing risk, or treating cancer, comprising administeringto an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofthe isolated cell of any of the preceding embodiments. Other aspects ofthe present disclosure relate to an isolated cell of any of thepreceding embodiments for use in preventing, reducing risk, or treatingcancer in an individual in need thereof. Other aspects of the presentdisclosure relate to use of an isolated cell of any of the precedingembodiments in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing, reducingrisk, or treating cancer in an individual in need thereof.

Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method ofpreventing, reducing risk, or treating cancer in an individual in needthereof, comprising: (a) obtaining a plurality of isolated innate immunecells; (b) introducing the vector of any of the preceding embodimentsinto the plurality of isolated innate immune cells; and (c)administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount ofthe plurality of isolated innate immune cells containing the vector.Other aspects of the present disclosure relate to an isolated innateimmune cells containing the vector of any of the preceding embodimentsfor use in preventing, reducing risk, or treating cancer in anindividual in need thereof. Other aspects of the present disclosurerelate to use of an isolated innate immune cells containing the vectorof any of the preceding embodiments in the manufacture of a medicamentfor preventing, reducing risk, or treating cancer in an individual inneed thereof.

In certain embodiments that may be combined with any of the precedingembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe cell induces an increase in myeloid cell activation, proliferation,survival, phagocytosis, and/or functionality. In certain embodimentsthat may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the canceris selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer, brain cancer,breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidneycancer, renal cell cancer, renal pelvis cancer, leukemia, lung cancer,melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer,ovarian cancer, fibrosarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acutemyeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronicmyeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, essentialthrombocytosis, primary or idiopathic myelofibrosis, primary oridiopathic myelosclerosis, myeloid-derived tumors, thyroid cancer, andany combination thereof. In certain embodiments that may be combinedwith any of the preceding embodiments, the cells are selected from thegroup consisting of macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1macrophages, M2 macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells,monocytes, osteoclasts, Langerhans cells, Kupffer cells, microglia, M1microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia, astrocytes, A1astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, and any combination thereof. In certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the administering induces one or more activities selected from: a. TREM1phosphorylation; b. DAP12 phosphorylation; c. activation of one or moretyrosine kinases; d. activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K);e. activation of protein kinase B; f. recruitment of phospholipaseC-gamma (PLC-gamma) to a cellular plasma membrane, activation ofPLC-gamma, or both; g. recruitment of TEC-family kinase dVav to acellular plasma membrane; h. activation of nuclear factor-rB (NF-rB); i.inhibition of MAPK signaling; j. phosphorylation of linker foractivation of T cells (LAT), linker for activation of B cells (LAB). orboth; k. activation of IL-2-induced tyrosine kinase (Itk); l. modulationof one or more pro-inflammatory mediators selected from the groupconsisting of IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CRP, IL-20 familymembers, IL-33, LW, IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, IL-17,IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10, MCP-1, and any combination thereof; m. modulationof one or more anti-inflammatory mediators selected from the groupconsisting of IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-13, IL-35, IL-16, IFN-α, IL-1Rα,VEGF, G-CSF, soluble receptors for TNF, soluble receptors for IL-6, andany combination thereof; n. phosphorylation of extracellularsignal-regulated kinase (ERK); o. modulated expression of C—C chemokinereceptor 7 (CCR7); p. induction of microglial cell chemotaxis towardCCL19 and CCL21 expressing cells; q. normalization of disruptedITAM-dependent gene expression; r. recruitment of Syk, ZAP70, or both toan ITAM complex; s. increased activity of one or more ITAM-dependentgenes or CSF-1R-dependent genes; t. increased maturation of dendriticcells, monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, andM2 microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or anycombination thereof; u. increased ability of dendritic cells, monocytes,microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, and M2 microglia,macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages,astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof toprime or modulate the function of T cells; v. enhanced ability,normalized ability, or both of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells toprime or modulate function of antigen-specific T cells; w. induction ofosteoclast production, increased rate of osteoclastogenesis, or both; x.increased survival of dendritic cells, macrophages, M1 macrophages,activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, monocytes, osteoclasts,Langerhans cells, Kupffer cells, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1microglia, M2 microglia, Astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, orany combination thereof; y. increased function of dendritic cells,macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages,microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia,astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof; z.increasing phagocytosis by dendritic cells, macrophages, M1 macrophages,activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, monocytes, microglia, M1microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia, astrocytes, A1astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof; aa. induction ofone or more types of clearance selected from the group consisting ofapoptotic neuron clearance, nerve tissue debris clearance, non-nervetissue debris clearance, bacteria clearance, other foreign bodyclearance, disease-causing protein clearance, disease-causing peptideclearance, disease-causing nucleic acid clearance, tumor cell clearance,and any combination thereof; bb. induction of phagocytosis of one ormore of apoptotic neurons, nerve tissue debris, non-nerve tissue debris,dysfunctional synapses, bacteria, other foreign bodies, disease-causingproteins, disease-causing peptides, disease-causing nucleic acids, tumorcells, or any combination thereof; cc. increased expression of one ormore stimulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of CD83,CD86 MI-IC class II, CD40, and any combination thereof; dd. modulatedexpression of one or more proteins selected from the group consisting ofC1qa, C1qB, C1qC, C1s, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA,VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TyroBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX,PYCARD, VEGF, and any combination thereof; ee. activation of tumor cellkilling by one or more of microglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bonemarrow-derived dendritic cells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof;ff. activating anti-tumor cell proliferation activity of one or more ofmicroglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-derived dendriticcells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof; gg. activatinganti-tumor cell metastasis activity of one or more of microglia,macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,neutrophils, or any combination thereof; hh. decreasing tumor volume;ii. decreasing tumor growth rate; and jj. increasing efficacy of one ormore immune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor T cell responses,optionally wherein the one or more immune-therapies are selected fromPD1/PDL1 blockade, CTLA-4 blockade, and cancer vaccines. hi certainembodiments that may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments,the method further comprises administering to the individual at leastone antibody that specifically binds to an inhibitory checkpointmolecule, and/or one or more standard or investigational anti-cancertherapies. hi certain embodiments that may be combined with any of thepreceding embodiments, the at least one antibody that specifically bindsto an inhibitory checkpoint molecule is administered in combination withthe cells. In certain embodiments that may be combined with any of thepreceding embodiments, the at least one antibody that specifically bindsto an inhibitory checkpoint molecule is selected from the groupconsisting of an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, ananti-PD-L2 antibody, an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-B7-H3 antibody, ananti-B7-H4 antibody, and anti-HVEM antibody, an anti- B- andT-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) antibody, an anti-Killer inhibitoryreceptor (KIR) antibody, an anti-GALS antibody, an anti-TIM3 antibody,an anti-AZAR antibody, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, ananti-phosphatidylserine antibody, an anti-CD27 antibody, an anti-TNF-αantibody, an anti-CD33 antibody, an anti-Siglec-5 antibody, ananti-Siglec-7 antibody, an anti-Siglec-9 antibody, an anti-Siglec-11antibody, an antagonistic anti-TREM1 antibody, an antagonisticanti-TREM2 antibody, and any combination thereof. In certain embodimentsthat may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the one ormore standard or investigational anti-cancer therapies are selected fromthe group consisting of radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, targetedtherapy, imatinib therapy, trastuzumab therapy, etanercept therapy,adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy, chimeric antigen receptor T celltransfer (CAR-T) therapy, vaccine therapy, and cytokine therapy. Incertain embodiments that may be combined with any of the precedingembodiments, the method further comprises administering to theindividual at least one antibody that specifically binds to aninhibitory cytokine. In certain embodiments that may be combined withany of the preceding embodiments, the at least one antibody thatspecifically binds to an inhibitory cytokine is administered incombination with the cells. In certain embodiments that may be combinedwith any of the preceding embodiments, the at least one antibody thatspecifically binds to an inhibitory cytokine is selected from the groupconsisting of an anti-CCL2 antibody, an anti-CSF-1 antibody, ananti-IL-2 antibody, and any combination thereof. In certain embodimentsthat may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the methodfurther comprises administering to the individual at least one agonisticantibody that specifically binds to a stimulatory checkpoint protein. Incertain embodiments that may be combined with any of the precedingembodiments, the at least one agonistic antibody that specifically bindsto a stimulatory checkpoint protein is administered in combination withthe cells. In certain embodiments that may be combined with any of thepreceding embodiments, the at least one agonistic antibody thatspecifically binds to a stimulatory checkpoint protein is selected fromthe group consisting of an agonist anti-CD40 antibody, an agonistanti-OX40 antibody, an agonist anti-ICOS antibody, an agonist anti-CD28antibody, an agonistic anti-TREM1 antibody, an agonistic anti-TREM2antibody, an agonist anti-CD137/4-1BB antibody, an agonist anti-CD27antibody, an agonist anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related proteinGITR antibody, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments thatmay be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the methodfurther comprises administering to the individual at least onestimulatory cytokine. In certain embodiments that may be combined withany of the preceding embodiments, the at least one stimulatory cytokineis administered in combination with the cells. In certain embodimentsthat may be combined with any of the preceding embodiments, the at leastone stimulatory cytokine is selected from the group consisting ofIFN-a4, IFN-b, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CRP, IL-20 family members, LIF,IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10,IL-33, MCP-1, MIP-1-beta, and any combination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B show a schematic of the SMART1 chimeric receptorstructure (FIG. 1A) and a schematic of a vector that harbors thisreceptor cloned into pCDNA3.4-Topo from Life Technologies (FIG. 1B).SMART1 is composed of the elements: CD8 secretory signal sequence(SS)»anti-CD19 scFv»CD8 Hinge domain»CD8 transmembrane domain (TM)»4-1BBintracellular»CD3Zeta ITAM domain.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show a schematic of the SMART11 chimeric receptorstructure (FIG. 2A) and a schematic of a vector that harbors thisreceptor cloned into pCDNA3.4-Topo from Life Technologies (FIG. 2B).SMART11 is composed of the elements: CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»CD28»CD3Zeta ITAM.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B show a schematic of the SMART12 chimeric receptorstructure (FIG. 3A) and a schematic of a vector that harbors thisreceptor cloned into pCDNA3.4-Topo from Life Technologies (FIG. 3B).SMART12 is composed of the elements: CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»TLR5 intracellular domain.

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show a schematic of the SMART13 chimeric receptorstructure (FIG. 4A) and a schematic of a vector that harbors thisreceptor cloned into pCDNA3.4-Topo from Life Technologies (FIG. 4B).SMART13 is composed of the elements: CDS SS»anti-CD19SCfV»TLR5 hinge andtransmembrane»TLR5 intracellular domain.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show a schematic of the SMART14 chimeric receptorstructure (FIG. 5A) and a schematic of a vector that harbors thisreceptor cloned into pCDNA3.4-Topo from Life Technologies (FIG. 5B).SMART14 is composed of the elements: CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»CD28 intracellular domain»TLR5 intracellular domain.

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show a schematic of the SMART15 chimeric receptorstructure (FIG. 6A) and a schematic of a vector that harbors thisreceptor cloned into pCDNA3.4-Topo from Life Technologies (FIG. 6B).SMART15 is composed of the elements: CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»4-1BB intracellular domain»TLR5 intracellular domain.

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B show a schematic of the SMART16 chimeric receptorstructure (FIG. 7A) and a schematic of a vector that harbors thisreceptor cloned into pCDNA3.4-Topo from Life Technologies (FIG. 7B).SMART16 is composed of the elements: CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV »TLR5 hingeand transmembrane»TLR5 intracellular»CD3zeta intracellular domain.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION General Techniques

The techniques and procedures described or referenced herein aregenerally well understood and commonly employed using conventionalmethodology by those skilled in the art, such as, for example, thewidely utilized methodologies described in Sambrook et al., MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual 3d edition (2001) Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Current Protocols inMolecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel, et al. eds., (2003)); the seriesMethods in Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.): PCR 2: A PracticalApproach (M. J. MacPherson, B. D. Hames and G. R. Taylor eds. (1995)),Harlow and Lane, eds. (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, and AnimalCell Culture (R. I. Freshney, ed. (1987)); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M.J. Gait, ed., 1984); Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press; CellBiology: A Laboratory Notebook (J. E. Cellis, ed., 1998) Academic Press;Animal Cell Culture (R. I. Freshney), ed., 1987); Introduction to Celland Tissue Culture (J. P. Mather and P. E. Roberts, 1998) Plenum Press;Cell and Tissue Culture: Laboratory Procedures (A. Doyle, J. B.Griffiths, and D. G. Newell, eds., 1993-8) J. Wiley and Sons; Handbookof Experimental Immunology (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds.); GeneTransfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. M. Miller and M. P. Calos,eds., 1987); PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, (Mullis et al., eds.,1994); Current Protocols in Immunology (J. E. Coligan et al., eds.,1991); Short Protocols in Molecular Biology (Wiley and Sons, 1999);Immunobiology (C. A. Janeway and P. Travers, 1997); Antibodies (P.Finch, 1997); Antibodies: A Practical Approach (D. Catty., ed., IRLPress, 1988-1989); Monoclonal Antibodies: A Practical Approach (P.Shepherd and C. Dean, eds., Oxford University Press, 2000); UsingAntibodies: A Laboratory Manual (E. Harlow and D. Lane (Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press, 1999); The Antibodies (M. Zanetti and J. D.Capra, eds., Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995); and Cancer: Principlesand Practice of Oncology (V. T. DeVita et al., eds., J. B. LippincottCompany, 1993).

Definitions

As used herein, the term “preventing” includes providing prophylaxiswith respect to occurrence or recurrence of a particular disease,disorder, or condition in an individual. An individual may bepredisposed to, susceptible to a particular disease, disorder, orcondition, or at risk of developing such a disease, disorder, orcondition, but has not yet been diagnosed with the disease, disorder, orcondition.

As used herein, an individual “at risk” of developing a particulardisease, disorder, or condition may or may not have detectable diseaseor symptoms of disease, and may or may not have displayed detectabledisease or symptoms of disease prior to the treatment methods describedherein. “At risk” denotes that an individual has one or more riskfactors, which are measurable parameters that correlate with developmentof a particular disease, disorder, or condition, as known in the art. Anindividual having one or more of these risk factors has a higherprobability of developing a particular disease, disorder, or conditionthan an individual without one or more of these risk factors.

As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to clinical interventiondesigned to alter the natural course of the individual being treatedduring the course of clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatmentinclude decreasing the rate of progression, ameliorating or palliatingthe pathological state, and remission or improved prognosis of aparticular disease, disorder, or condition. An individual issuccessfully “treated”, for example, if one or more symptoms associatedwith a particular disease, disorder, or condition are mitigated oreliminated.

An “effective amount” refers to at least an amount effective, at dosagesand for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic orprophylactic result. An effective amount can be provided in one or moreadministrations.

A “therapeutically effective amount” is at least the minimumconcentration required to effect a measurable improvement of aparticular disease, disorder, or condition. A therapeutically effectiveamount herein may vary according to factors such as the disease state,age, sex, and weight of the patient, and the ability of the chimericreceptors to elicit a desired response in the individual. Atherapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic ordetrimental effects of the chimeric receptors are outweighed by thetherapeutically beneficial effects.

As used herein, administration “in conjunction” with another compound orcomposition includes simultaneous administration and/or administrationat different times. Administration in conjunction also encompassesadministration as a co-formulation or administration as separatecompositions, including at different dosing frequencies or intervals,and using the same route of administration or different routes ofadministration.

An “individual” for purposes of treatment, prevention, or reduction ofrisk refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans,domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sport, or pet animals, such as dogs,horses, rabbits, cattle, pigs, hamsters, gerbils, mice, ferrets, rats,cats, and the like. Preferably, the individual is human.

The term “immunoglobulin” (Ig) is used interchangeably with “antibody”herein. The term “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense andspecifically covers monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies,multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies) formed from atleast two intact antibodies, and antibody fragments so long as theyexhibit the desired biological activity.

The basic 4-chain antibody unit is a heterotetrameric glycoproteincomposed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H)chains. The pairing of a V_(H) and V_(L) together forms a singleantigen-binding site. For the structure and properties of the differentclasses of antibodies, see, e.g., Basic and Clinical Immunology, 8thEd., Daniel P. Stites, Abba I. Terr and Tristram G. Parslow (eds.),Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn., 1994, page 71 and Chapter 6.

The L chain from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of twoclearly distinct types, called kappa (“κ”) and lambda (“λ”), based onthe amino acid sequences of their constant domains. Depending on theamino acid sequence of the constant domain of their heavy chains (CH),immunoglobulins can be assigned to different classes or isotypes. Thereare five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, havingheavy chains designated alpha (“α”), delta (“δ”), epsilon (“ϵ”), gamma(“γ”) and mu (“μ”), respectively. The γ and α classes are furtherdivided into subclasses (isotypes) on the basis of relatively minordifferences in the CH sequence and function, e.g., humans express thefollowing subclasses: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2. Thesubunit structures and three dimensional configurations of differentclasses of immunoglobulins are well known and described generally in,for example, Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 4^(th) ed.(W. B. Saunders Co., 2000).

The “variable region” or “variable domain” of an antibody, refers to theamino-terminal domains of the heavy or light chain of the antibody. Thevariable domains of the heavy chain and light chain may be referred toas “V_(H)” and “V_(L)”, respectively. These domains are generally themost variable parts of the antibody (relative to other antibodies of thesame class) and contain the antigen binding sites.

The term “variable” refers to the fact that certain segments of thevariable domains differ extensively in sequence among antibodies. The Vdomain mediates antigen binding and defines the specificity of aparticular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the variabilityis not evenly distributed across the entire span of the variabledomains. Instead, it is concentrated in three segments calledhypervariable regions (HVRs) both in the light-chain and the heavy chainvariable domains. The more highly conserved portions of variable domainsare called the framework regions (FR). The variable domains of nativeheavy and light chains each comprise four FR regions, largely adopting abeta-sheet configuration, connected by three HVRs, which form loopsconnecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure.The HVRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRregions and, with the HVRs from the other chain, contribute to theformation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies (see Kabat et al.,Sequences of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, National Instituteof Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)). The constant domains are not involveddirectly in the binding of antibody to an antigen, but exhibit variouseffector functions, such as participation of the antibody inantibody-dependent-cellular toxicity.

An “antibody fragment” comprises a portion of an intact antibody,preferably the antigen binding and/or the variable region of the intactantibody. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂ andFv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,870,Example 2; Zapata et al., Protein Eng. 8(10):1057-1062 (1995));single-chain antibody molecules and multispecific antibodies formed fromantibody fragments.

Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical antigen-bindingfragments, called “Fab” fragments, and a residual “Fc” fragment, adesignation reflecting the ability to crystallize readily. The Fabfragment includes an entire L chain along with the variable regiondomain of the H chain (V_(H)), and the first constant domain of oneheavy chain (C_(H)1). Each Fab fragment is monovalent with respect toantigen binding, i.e., it has a single antigen-binding site. Pepsintreatment of an antibody yields a single large F(ab′)₂ fragment whichroughly corresponds to two disulfide linked Fab fragments havingdifferent antigen-binding activity and is still capable of cross-linkingantigen. Fab′ fragments differ from Fab fragments by having a fewadditional residues at the carboxy terminus of the C_(H)1 domainincluding one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region. Fab′-SHis the designation herein for Fab′ in which the cysteine residue(s) ofthe constant domains bear a free thiol group. F(ab′)₂ antibody fragmentsoriginally were produced as pairs of Fab′ fragments which have hingecysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragmentsare also known.

The Fc fragment comprises the carboxy-terminal portions of both H chainsheld together by disulfides. The effector functions of antibodies aredetermined by sequences in the Fc region, the region which is alsorecognized by Fc receptors (FcR) found on certain types of cells.

“Fv” is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a completeantigen-recognition and -binding site. This fragment includes of a dimerof one heavy- and one light-chain variable region domain in tight,non-covalent association. From the folding of these two domains emanatesix hypervariable loops (3 loops each from the H and L chain) thatcontribute the amino acid residues for antigen binding and conferantigen binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a singlevariable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three HVRs specificfor an antigen) has the ability to recognize and bind antigen, althoughat a lower affinity than the entire binding site.

“Single-chain Fv” also abbreviated as “sFv” or “scFv” are antibodyfragments that comprise the VH and VL antibody domains connected into asingle polypeptide chain. Preferably, the sFv polypeptide furthercomprises a polypeptide linker between the V_(H) and V_(L) domains,which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.For a review of the sFv, see Pliickthun in The Pharmacology ofMonoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds.,Springer-Verlag, N.Y., pp. 269-315 (1994).

“Functional fragments” of antibodies, comprise a portion of an intactantibody, generally including the antigen binding or variable region ofthe intact antibody or the F region of an antibody which retains or hasmodified FcR binding capability. Examples of antibody fragments includelinear antibody, single-chain antibody molecules and multispecificantibodies formed from antibody fragments.

The term “diabodies” refers to small antibody fragments prepared byconstructing sFv fragments (see preceding paragraph) with short linkers(about 5-10) residues) between the V_(H) and V_(L) domains such thatinter-chain but not intra-chain pairing of the V domains is achieved,thereby resulting in a bivalent fragment, i.e., a fragment having twoantigen-binding sites. Bispecific diabodies are heterodimers of two“crossover” sFv fragments in which the V_(H) and V_(L) domains of thetwo antibodies are present on different polypeptide chains. Diabodiesare described in greater detail in, for example, EP 404,097; WO93/11161; Hollinger et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-48(1993).

The term “hypervariable region,” “HVR,” or “HV,” when used herein refersto the regions of an antibody-variable domain that are hypervariable insequence and/or form structurally defined loops. Generally, antibodiescomprise six HVRs; three in the VH (H1, H2, H3), and three in the VL(L1, L2, L3). In native antibodies, H3 and L3 display the most diversityof the six HVRs, and H3 in particular is believed to play a unique rolein conferring fine specificity to antibodies. See, e.g., Xu et al.,Immunity 13:37-45 (2000); Johnson and Wu in Methods in Molecular Biology248:1-25 (Lo, ed., Human Press, Totowa, N.J., 2003)).

As use herein, the term “specifically recognizes” or “specificallybinds” refers to measurable and reproducible interactions such asattraction or binding between a ligand and a chimeric receptor that isdeterminative of the presence of the target in the presence of aheterogeneous population of molecules including biological molecules.For example, a chimeric receptor of the present disclosure, thatspecifically or preferentially binds to a ligand or target with greateraffinity, avidity, more readily, and/or with greater duration than itbinds to other ligands or targets. It is also understood by reading thisdefinition that, for example, a chimeric receptor that specifically orpreferentially binds to a first target may or may not specifically orpreferentially bind to a second target. As such, “specific binding” or“preferential binding” does not necessarily require (although it caninclude) exclusive binding. An chimeric receptor that specifically bindsto a target may have an association constant of at least about 10³ M⁻¹or 10⁴ M⁻¹, sometimes about 10⁵ M⁻¹ or 10⁶ M⁻¹, in other instances about10⁶ M⁻¹ or 10⁷ M⁻¹, about 10⁸ M⁻¹ to 10⁹ M⁻¹, or about 10¹⁰ M⁻¹ to 10¹¹M⁻¹ or higher. A variety of immunoassay formats can be used to selectchimeric receptors specifically immunoreactive with a particularprotein. . See, e.g., Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies, A LaboratoryManual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York, for a description ofimmunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determinespecific immunoreactivity.

The term “Fc region” herein is used to define a C-terminal region of animmunoglobulin heavy chain, including native-sequence Fc regions andvariant Fc regions. Although the boundaries of the Fc region of animmunoglobulin heavy chain might vary, the human IgG heavy-chain Fcregion is usually defined to stretch from an amino acid residue atposition Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus thereof. TheC-terminal lysine (residue 447 according to the EU numbering system) ofthe Fc region may be removed, for example, during production orpurification of the antibody, or by recombinantly engineering thenucleic acid encoding a heavy chain of the antibody. Accordingly, acomposition of intact antibodies may comprise antibody populations withall K447 residues removed, antibody populations with no K447 residuesremoved, and antibody populations having a mixture of antibodies withand without the K447 residue. Suitable native-sequence Fc regions foruse in the antibodies of the present disclosure include human IgG1,IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4.

“Fc receptor” or “FcR” describes a receptor that binds to the Fc regionof an antibody. The preferred FcR is a native sequence human FcR.Moreover, a preferred FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gammareceptor) and includes receptors of the FcγRI, FcγRII, and FcγRIIIsubclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced formsof these receptors, FcγRII receptors include FcγRIIA (an “activatingreceptor”) and FcγRIIB (an “inhibiting receptor”), which have similaramino acid sequences that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domainsthereof. Activating receptor FcγRIIA contains an immunoreceptortyrosine-based activation motif (“ITAM”) in its cytoplasmic domain.Inhibiting receptor FcyRIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-basedinhibition motif (“ITIM”) in its cytoplasmic domain. (see, e.g., M.Daëron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:203-234 (1997)). FcRs are reviewed inRavetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:457-92 (1991); Capel et al.,Immunomethods 4:25-34 (1994); and de Haas et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med.126: 330-41 (1995). Other FcRs, including those to be identified in thefuture, are encompassed by the term “FcR” herein. FcRs can also increasethe serum half-life of antibodies.

As used herein, “percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” and“homology” with respect to a peptide, polypeptide or antibody sequencerefers to the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequencethat are identical with the amino acid residues in the specific peptideor polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducinggaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity,and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of thesequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent aminoacid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are withinthe skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computersoftware such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or MEGALIGN™ (DNASTAR) software.Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters formeasuring alignment, including any algorithms known in the art needed toachieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences beingcompared.

The term “isolated” refers a molecule or cell that is identified andseparated from at least one contaminant molecule or cell with which itis ordinarily associated in the environment in which it was produced.Preferably, the isolated molecule or cell is free of association withall components associated with the production environment. The isolatedmolecule or cell is in a form other than in the form or setting in whichit is found in nature.

The term “vector,” as used herein, is intended to refer to a nucleicacid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which ithas been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid,” which refers to acircular double stranded DNA into which additional DNA segments may beligated. Another type of vector is a phage vector. Another type ofvector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments may be ligatedinto the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomousreplication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g.,bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomalmammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors)can be integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction intothe host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome.Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression ofgenes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred toherein as “recombinant expression vectors,” or simply, “expressionvectors.” In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNAtechniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the presentspecification, “plasmid” and “vector” may be used interchangeably as theplasmid is the most commonly used form of vector.

“Polynucleotide,” or “nucleic acid,” as used interchangeably herein,refer to polymers of nucleotides of any length, and include DNA and RNA.The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modifiednucleotides or bases, and/or their analogs, or any substrate that can beincorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase or by a syntheticreaction. A polynucleotide may comprise modified nucleotides, such asmethylated nucleotides and their analogs. If present, modification tothe nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of thepolymer. The sequence of nucleotides may be interrupted bynon-nucleotide components. A polynucleotide may comprise modification(s)made after synthesis, such as conjugation to a label. Other types ofmodifications include, for example, “caps,” substitution of one or moreof the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, internucleotidemodifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g.,methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoamidates, carbamates,etc.) and with charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates,phosphorodithioates, etc.), those containing pendant moieties, such as,for example, proteins (e.g., nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signalpeptides, ply-L-lysine, etc.), those with intercalators (e.g., acridine,psoralen, etc.), those containing chelators (e.g., metals, radioactivemetals, boron, oxidative metals, etc.), those containing alkylators,those with modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomeric nucleic acids, etc.),as well as unmodified forms of the polynucleotides(s). Further, any ofthe hydroxyl groups ordinarily present in the sugars may be replaced,for example, by phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, protected bystandard protecting groups, or activated to prepare additional linkagesto additional nucleotides, or may be conjugated to solid or semi-solidsupports. The 5′ and 3′ terminal OH can be phosphorylated or substitutedwith amines or organic capping group moieties of from 1 to 20 carbonatoms. Other hydroxyls may also be derivatized to standard protectinggroups. Polynucleotides can also contain analogous forms of ribose ordeoxyribose sugars that are generally known in the art, including, forexample, 2′-O-methyl-, 2′-O-allyl-, 2′-fluoro- or 2′-azido-ribose,carbocyclic sugar analogs, α-anomeric sugars, epimeric sugars such asarabinose, xyloses or lyxoses, pyranose sugars, furanose sugars,sedoheptuloses, acyclic analogs, and basic nucleoside analogs such asmethyl riboside. One or more phosphodiester linkages may be replaced byalternative linking groups. These alternative linking groups include,but are not limited to, embodiments wherein phosphate is replaced byP(O)S (“thioate”), P(S)S (“dithioate”), (O)NR2 (“amidate”), P(O)R,P(O)OR′, CO, or CH2 (“formacetal”), in which each R or R′ isindependently H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-20 C)optionally containing an ether (—O—) linkage, aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl or araldyl. Not all linkages in a polynucleotide need beidentical. The preceding description applies to all polynucleotidesreferred to herein, including RNA and DNA.

A “host cell” includes an individual cell or cell culture that can be orhas been a recipient for vector(s) for incorporation of polynucleotideinserts. Host cells include progeny of a single host cell, and theprogeny may not necessarily be completely identical (in morphology or ingenomic DNA complement) to the original parent cell due to natural,accidental, or deliberate mutation. A host cell includes cellstransfected in vivo with a polynucleotide(s) of the present disclosure.

“Carriers” as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,excipients, or stabilizers that are nontoxic to the cell or mammal beingexposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often thephysiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution.Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such asphosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants includingascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues)polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, orimmunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone;amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine;monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates includingglucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugaralcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such assodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, polyethylene glycol(PEG), and PLURONICS™.

The term “about” as used herein refers to the usual error range for therespective value readily known to the skilled person in this technicalfield. Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (anddescribes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter perse.

The term “ligand” as used herein refers to a molecule that binds toanother molecule, such as a receptor or an antibody. For example, asused herein, a ligand is any compound or agent bound by a chimericreceptor's ligand-binding domain. Exemplary ligands include nucleicacids, peptides, or proteins associated with cancer.

The term “nanobody,” also called a single-domain antibody, as usedherein refers to an antibody fragment that includes a single monomericvariable antibody domain that binds to a specific antigen. Nanobodiesmay include a peptide chain of about 110 amino acids and may have onevariable domain of a heavy-chain antibody or of a common IgG.

The term “V_(NAR)” as used herein refers to a single variable newantigen receptor (NAR) domain antibody fragment. V_(NAR) fragments aresingle-domain antibody fragments derived from heavy-chain antibodies,such as shark immunoglobulin new antigen receptor antibodies (IgNARs).

The term “extracellular receptor domain” as used herein refers to theportion of a cell bound receptor protein that is found externally on acell. The extracellular receptor domain functions by binding to aligand. For example, nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, or atomic ionsmay each bind to an extracellular receptor domain as a ligand.

The term “autologous” refers to any material derived from the sameindividual to whom it is later to be re-introduced.

The term “allogeneic” refers to any material derived from a differentanimal of the same species as the individual to whom the material isintroduced. Two or more individuals are said to be allogeneic to oneanother when the genes at one or more loci are not identical. In someaspects, allogeneic material from individuals of the same species may besufficiently unlike genetically to interact antigenically.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,”and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. For example, reference to an “antibody” is a reference tofrom one to many antibodies, such as molar amounts, and includesequivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

It is understood that aspect and embodiments of the disclosuresdescribed herein include “comprising,” “consisting,” and “consistingessentially of” aspects and embodiments.

Overview

The present disclosure relates to chimeric receptors comprising anextracellular ligand-binding domain that binds an agent associated withcancer; a transmembrane domain; and a signaling domain. Some embodimentsof the present disclosure include polynucleotides encoding chimericreceptors, and vectors comprising said polynucleotides. Furtherembodiments include innate immune cells expressing said chimericreceptors and methods of producing such innate immune cells byintroducing polynucleotides or vectors encoding chimeric receptors intothe cells. In some embodiments, innate immune cells expressing chimericreceptors of the present disclosure are administered to an individual totreat or prevent cancer. In some embodiments, binding of the ligand tothe chimeric receptor expressed in an innate immune cell activates thesignaling domain, and the activated signaling domain induces and/orenhances an M1 phenotype in the innate immune cell, secretion of one ormore pro-inflammatory cytokines from the innate immune cell, the innateimmune cell's activity in inhibiting an immune checkpoint molecule, theinnate immune cell's activity in inhibiting myeloid derived suppressorcell (MDSC) signaling, the innate immune cell's activity in inducingcytotoxic T cell (CTL) activation, or the innate immune cell's activityin depressing a T cell.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptors of the present disclosurecan be used to increase myeloid cell activation, proliferation,survival, phagocytosis, and/or functionality against pathologiesassociated with cancer.

Chimeric Receptors

Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to a chimeric receptor.A chimeric receptor, as used herein, refers to a set of polypeptides,which when in an innate immune cell, provides the cell with specificityfor a target ligand and with intracellular signal generation. In someaspects, the set of polypeptides are contiguous with each other, e.g.,are in the same polypeptide chain (e.g., comprise a chimeric fusionprotein). In some embodiments, the set of polypeptides are notcontiguous with each other, e.g., are in different polypeptide chains. Achimeric receptor described herein at least comprises an extracellularligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmicsignaling domain (also referred to herein as “an intracellular signalingdomain”) comprising a functional signaling domain derived from astimulatory molecule and/or costimulatory molecule. In one aspect, thecytoplasmic signaling domain further comprises one or more functionalsignaling domains derived from at least one costimulatory molecule. Insome embodiments, the extracellular domain of the chimeric receptorbinds a ligand and transmits a signal to the cytoplasmic domain whichtransduces an effector function signal to the cell in which the receptoris expressed.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor includes two proteins, witheach protein including one or more domains. For example, a chimericreceptor of the present disclosure can be a two-component receptor.Two-component chimeric receptors include two separate polypeptides thatcan associate, dimerize, or multimerize through an interaction domain.In some embodiments the chimeric receptor further comprises a flexiblelinker located between the transmembrane domain and the signalingdomain. The flexible linker allows the ligand-binding domain to orientin different directions to facilitate ligand recognition and binding.Exemplary flexible linkers include, without limitation, a CD8 hingedomain, a TLR5 hinge domain, and a CSF-1R linker domain. In someembodiments, the chimeric receptor further comprises a signal peptide atthe N-terminus of the chimeric receptor. The signal peptide directs thenascent chimeric receptor protein into the endoplasmic reticulum. Thisallows the receptor to be glycosylated and anchored in the cellmembrane. In some embodiments, the signal peptide is a CD8 secretorysignal peptide.

Ligand-Binding Domains

In some embodiments, chimeric receptors of the present disclosureinclude a ligand-binding domain. A ligand-binding domain refers to anysuitable protein which binds to a specific ligand. The binding domainmay include a part of antibody that binds to an antigen, such as animmunoglobulin chain or fragment comprising at least one immunoglobulinvariable domain sequence. The portion of the chimeric receptor thatincludes an antibody or antibody fragment may exist in a variety offorms where the antigen binding domain is expressed as part of acontiguous polypeptide chain. The ligand-binding domain can be anydomain that binds to a ligand including but not limited to a monoclonalantibody, a polyclonal antibody, a recombinant antibody, a murineantibody, a human antibody, a humanized antibody, and a functionalfragment thereof, including but not limited to a single-domain antibodysuch as a heavy chain variable domain (VH), a light chain variabledomain (VL), a variable domain (VHH) of a camelid derived nanobody, aheavy-chain antibody, a single domain antibody fragment (V_(NAR))fragment, a single-chain Fv domain (scFv), a V_(L) domain linked to aV_(H) domain by a flexible linker, or an antibody Fab. In someembodiments, the ligand-binding domain is a scFv. ScFv molecules can beproduced by linking VH and VL regions together using flexiblepolypeptide linkers. In some embodiments, scFv molecules comprise alinker (e.g., a Ser-Gly linker) with an optimized length and/or aminoacid composition. The linker length can greatly affect how the variableregions of a scFv fold and interact. The linker sequence may compriseany naturally occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, the linkersequence comprises amino acids glycine and serine.

In some instances, it is beneficial for the ligand-binding domain to bederived from the same species in which the chimeric receptor willultimately be used in. For example, for use in humans, it may bebeneficial for the ligand-binding domain of the chimeric receptor tocomprise human or humanized residues for the ligand-binding domain of anantibody or antibody fragment.

The ligand-binding domain may alternatively include a ligand-bindingportion of a cell receptor protein. For example, the ligand-bindingportion can include an extracellular receptor domain. An extracellularreceptor domain includes the portion of a cell bound receptor proteinthat is found externally on the cell. Exemplary extracellular receptordomains, include, without limitation, those derived from a TCRs, MHCmolecules, TNF receptor proteins, Immunoglobulin-like proteins, cytokinereceptors, integrins, signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SLAMproteins), and activating NK cell receptors. Examples of such moleculesinclude CD27, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137), OX40, GITR, CD30, CD40, ICOS, BAFFR,HVEM, ICAM-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), CD2,CD8, CD7, CD287, LIGHT, NKG2C, NKG2D, SLAMF7, NKp80, NKp30, NKp44,NKp46, CD160, B7-H3, and a ligand that specifically binds with CD83.

The ligand-binding domain of the present disclosure may bind anysuitable ligand. Exemplary ligands include, without limitation,peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. The choice of extracellularligand-binding domain depends upon the type and number of ligands thatdefine the target of the chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, theligand-binding domain may be chosen to recognize an agent that isassociated with a disease state. In some embodiments, the ligand-bindingdomain may bind an agent associated with cancer. Exemplary cancersinclude, without limitation, bladder cancer, brain cancer, breastcancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer,renal cell cancer, renal pelvis cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, melanoma,non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, ovariancancer, fibrosarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloidleukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloidleukemia (CML), multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, essentialthrombocytosis, primary or idiopathic myelofibrosis, primary oridiopathic myelosclerosis, myeloid-derived tumors, and thyroid cancer.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor-mediated immune cell responsecan be directed to an agent of interest by way of engineering aligand-binding domain that specifically binds a desired agent into thechimeric receptor. The ligand-binding domain can be designed tospecifically target an agent associated with cancer. In someembodiments, the agent is a nucleic acid, peptide, or protein associatedwith cancer. In some embodiments, the agent is a wild-type nucleic acid,peptide, or protein. In some embodiments, the agent is a mutant nucleicacid, peptide, or protein.

In some embodiments, the agent associated with cancer is a tumorantigen. Exemplary tumor antigens include, without limitation, CD19,CD20, CD22, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1),mesothelin, CD33/interleukin-3 receptor alpha (IL3Ra), c-Met,prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), Glycolipid F77, type IIIepidermal growth factor receptor mutation (EGFRvIII), disialogangliosideGD-2, NY-ESO-1 (also known as cancer/testis antigen 1B or CTAG1B), andMelanoma-associated antigen 3 (MAGE A3). In some embodiments, the tumorantigen-expressing cells express, or at any time expressed, mRNAencoding the tumor antigen. hi some embodiments, the tumor antigen-expressing cells produce the tumor antigen protein (e.g., wild-type ormutant), and the tumor antigen protein may be present at normal levelsor reduced levels. In one embodiment, the tumor antigen -expressingcells produced detectable levels of a tumor antigen protein at onepoint, and subsequently produced substantially no detectable tumorantigen protein.

In some embodiments, the ligand-binding domain binds to CD19. CD19 is aB-lymphocyte antigen that is expressed on the surface of B cells andfunctions as a B cell co-receptor by binding to CD81 and CD82 andenhancing signaling through the B cell receptor. In some embodiments,CD19 may be expresses on cells associated with proliferative diseasessuch as a cancer, malignancy, or a precancerous condition such as amyelodysplasia, a myelodysplasia syndrome, or a preleukemia. CD19 isexpressed on most B lineage cancers, including, e.g., acutelymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic lymphocyte leukaemia and non-Hodgkinlymphoma. In some embodiments, the CD19 protein may include mutations,e.g., point mutations, fragments, insertions, deletions and splicevariants of full length wild-type CD19. In some embodiments, theligand-binding portion of the chimeric receptor recognizes and binds anantigen within the extracellular domain of the CD19 protein. In someembodiments, the CD19 protein is expressed on a cancer cell.

In some embodiments, the ligand-binding domain includes a single-chainvariable fragment (scFv) domain that binds to a specific cancer agent.Exemplary scFV domains include, without limitation, CD19, EpCAM, CD20,CD16, CEA, PSMA, HER2, HER3, IGF1R, VEGF-A, Ang-2, WT1, PR1, E75, p53,Ras, AFP, URLC10, VEGFR1 and 2, MAGE, gp100, MART-1, Tyrosinase,NY-ESO-1, Survivin, mutant p53, and MUC-1. In some embodiments, theanti-CD19 scFV domain binds CD19. In some embodiments, the anti-EpCAMscFV domain binds EpCAM. In some embodiments, the anti-CD20 scFV domainbinds CD20. In some embodiments, the anti-CD16 scFV domain binds CD16.In some embodiments, the anti-CEA scFV domain binds CEA. In someembodiments, the anti-PSMA scFV domain binds PSMA. In some embodiments,the anti-HER2 scFV domain binds HER2. In some embodiments, the anti-HER3scFV domain binds HER3. In some embodiments, the anti-IGF1R scFV domainbinds IGF1R. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF-A scFV domain bindsVEGF-A. In some embodiments, the anti-Ang-2 scFV domain binds Ang-2. Insome embodiments, the anti-WT1 scFV domain binds WT1. In someembodiments, the anti-PR1 scFV domain binds PR1. In some embodiments,the anti-E75 scFV domain binds E75. In some embodiments, the anti-p53scFV domain binds p53. In some embodiments, the anti-Ras scFV domainbinds Ras. In some embodiments, the anti-AFP scFV domain binds AFP. Insome embodiments, the anti-URLC10 scFV domain binds URLC10. In someembodiments, the anti-VEGFR1 scFV domain binds VEGFR1. In someembodiments, the anti- VEGFR2 scFV domain binds VEGFR2. In someembodiments, the anti-MAGE scFV domain binds MAGE. In some embodiments,the anti-gp100 scFV domain binds gp100. In some embodiments, theanti-MART-1 scFV domain binds MART-1. In some embodiments, theanti-Tyrosinase scFV domain binds Tyrosinase. In some embodiments, theanti- NY-ESO-1 scFV domain binds NY-ESO-1. In some embodiments, theanti-Survivin scFV domain binds Survivin. In some embodiments, theanti-mutant p53 scFV domain binds mutant p53. In some embodiments, theanti-MUC-1 scFV domain binds MUC-1.

Transmembrane Domains

In some embodiments, chimeric receptors of the present disclosurecomprise a transmembrane domain. As used herein, a transmembrane domainrefers to a portion of a protein structure that is located in amembrane. Transmembrane domains may be a single alpha helix, atransmembrane beta barrel, or any other structure which isthermodynamically stable in a membrane. The transmembrane domain of thechimeric receptor may be derived from any membrane bound ortransmembrane protein.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may be designed to include atransmembrane domain that is fused to the extracellular ligand-bindingdomain of the chimeric receptor. In one embodiment, the transmembranedomain that naturally is associated with one of the domains in thechimeric receptor is used. In some instances, the transmembrane domaincan be selected or modified by amino acid substitution to avoid bindingof such domains to the transmembrane domains of the same or differentsurface membrane proteins to minimize interactions with other members ofthe receptor complex. The transmembrane domain may be derived from anatural source. For example, the domain may be derived from any membranebound or transmembrane protein. Transmembrane regions for use in thechimeric receptors disclosed herein may be derived from a proteinincluding, without limitation, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), anmacrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor, colonystimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R), Kit, Tetrahymenainsertion-homing endonuclease 3 (TIE3), an immunoreceptor tyrosine-basedactivation motif (ITAM)-containing protein, DNAX-activation protein 12(DAP12), DNAX-activation protein 10 (DAP10), an Fc receptor, FcR-gamma,FcR-epsilon, FcR-beta, T cell receptor zeta (TCR-zeta), cluster ofdifferentiation (CD) 3-gamma, CD3-delta, CD3-epsilon, CD3-zeta, CD3-eta,CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD66d, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha,nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-kappaB), a toll-like receptor (TLR), TLR5, myeloid differentiationprimary response gene 88 (Myd88), lymphocyte receptor chain,interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, Immunoglobulin E (IgE), Immunoglobulin G(IgG), CD16α, FcγRIII, FcγRII, CD28, 4-1BB, CD4, and CD8. In someembodiments, the transmembrane domain is a CD8 transmembrane domain, aDAP12 transmembrane domain, a cCSF-1R transmembrane domain, or a TLR5transmembrane domain.

Signaling Domains

In some embodiments, chimeric receptors of the present disclosurecomprise a signaling domain. As used herein, a signaling domain refersto the functional portion of a protein which acts by transmittinginformation within the cell to regulate cellular activity via definedsignaling pathways by generating second messengers or functioning aseffectors by responding to such messengers.

In some embodiments, a signaling domain of the present disclosure mayrefer to the portion of a chimeric receptor which transduces theeffector function signal, resulting in functional activities of theinnate immune cell in which the chimeric receptor has been placed.Functional activities of an innate immune cell, for example, may bephagocytosis, secretion of cytokines, or trafficking. In someembodiments, the signaling domains promote function, migration,survival, and proliferation of immune cells. The entire intracellularsignaling domain can be employed, or a truncated portion of theintracellular signaling domain can be used. To the extent that atruncated portion of the intracellular signaling domain is used, suchtruncated portion may be used in place of the entire intracellularsignaling domain as long as it transduces the effector function signal.The term intracellular signaling domain is thus meant to include anytruncated portion of the intracellular signaling domain sufficient totransduce the effector function signal.

In some embodiments binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in an innate immune cell activates the signaling domain, andthe activated signaling domain induces and/or enhances an immune cellfunction including, without limitation, cell survival of the immunecell, proliferation of the immune cell, migration of the immune cell, orfunctionality of the immune cell. In some embodiments, signaling isinduced through mutimerization or clustering of the chimeric receptorsupon binding to ligand. In some embodiments, signaling is induced whenmultiple copies of the ligand are present. In some embodiments, ligandbinding and subsequent signaling through the chimeric receptors may beinvolved in survival and localization of immune cells at cites ofpathology occurring in cancer.

Examples of intracellular signaling domains for use in the chimerreceptor include the cytoplasmic sequences of the T cell receptor (TCR)and co-receptors that act in concert to initiate signal transductionfollowing receptor engagement, as well as any derivative or variant ofthese sequences and any recombinant sequence that has the samefunctional capability. It is known that signals generated through theTCR alone are insufficient for full activation of the cell and that asecondary and/or costimulatory signal is also required. Thus, cellactivation can be said to be mediated by two distinct classes ofcytoplasmic signaling sequences: those that initiate antigen-dependentprimary activation through the TCR (primary intracellular signalingdomains) and those that act in an antigen-independent manner to providea secondary or costimulatory signal (secondary cytoplasmic domain, e.g.,a costimulatory domain). A primary signaling domain regulates primaryactivation of the TCR complex either in a stimulatory way, or in aninhibitory way. Primary intracellular signaling domains that act in astimulatory manner may contain signaling motifs which are known asimmunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs or ITAMs. Examples ofITAM containing primary intracellular signaling domains that may be usedin the chimeric receptors disclosed herein include those of CD3 zeta,common FcR gamma (FCERIG), Fc gamma Rlla, FcR beta (Fc Epsilon Rib), CD3gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, CD79a, CD79b, DAP10, and DAP12. hi oneembodiment, a primary signaling domain comprises a modified ITAM domain,e.g., a mutated ITAM domain which has altered (e.g., increased ordecreased) activity as compared to the native ITAM domain. In oneembodiment, a primary signaling domain comprises a modifiedITAM-containing primary intracellular signaling domain, e.g., anoptimized and/or truncated ITAM-containing primary intracellularsignaling domain. In an embodiment, a primary signaling domain comprisesone, two, three, four or more ITAM motifs. Further examples of moleculescontaining a primary intracellular signaling domain for use in thechimeric receptors disclosed herein include those of DAP10, DAP12, andCD32.

The intracellular signaling domain of the chimeric receptor can comprisethe CD3-zeta signaling domain by itself or it can be combined with anyother desired intracellular signaling domain(s). For example, theintracellular signaling domain of the chimeric receptor can comprise aCD3 zeta chain portion and a costimulatory signaling domain. Thecostimulatory signaling domain refers to a portion of the chimericreceptor comprising the intracellular domain of a costimulatorymolecule. As used herein, a costimulatory molecule refers to the cognatebinding partner on a cell that specifically binds with a costimulatoryligand, thereby mediating a costimulatory response by the cell.Costimulatory molecules are cell surface molecules other than antigenreceptors or their ligands that contribute to an efficient immuneresponse. Examples of such costimulatory molecules include CD27, CD28,4-1BB (CD137), OX40, CD30, CD40, PD1, ICOS, lymphocytefunction-associated antigen- 1 (LFA-1), CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3,and a ligand that specifically binds with CD83. Further examples of suchcostimulatory molecules include CD8, ICAM-1, GITR, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR),SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1), NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, CD160, CD19, CD4, CD8alpha,CD8beta, IL2R beta, IL2R gamma, IL7R alpha, ITGA4, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4,IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD 1 id, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL,CD1 la, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD1 lb, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18,LFA-1, ITGB7, TNFR2, TRANCE/RANKL, DNAM1 (CD226), SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4),CD84, CD96 (Tactile), NKG2D, CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229), CD160 (BY55),PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D), CD69, SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108), SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150,IPO-3), BLAME (SLAMF8), SELPLG (CD162), LTBR, LAT, GADS, SLP-76,PAG/Cbp, and CD19a.

In some embodiments, the signaling domain is from one or more proteinsincluding, without limitation, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), anM-CSF receptor, CSF-1R, Kit, TIE3, an ITAM-containing protein, DAP12,DAP10, an Fc receptor, FcR-gamma, FcR-epsilon, FcR-beta, TCR-zeta,CD3-gamma, CD3-delta, CD3-epsilon, CD3-zeta, CD3-eta, CD5, CD22, CD79a,CD79b, CD66d, TNF-alpha, NF-KappaB, a TLR (toll-like receptor), TLR5,Myd88, target of rapamycin (TOR)/CD3 complex, lymphocyte receptor chain,IL-2 receptor, IgE, IgG, CD16α, FcγRIII, FcγRII, CD28, or 4-1BB. In someembodiments, the signaling domain selected from a 4-1BB intracellulardomain, a CD3-zeta ITAM domain, a CD3-zeta intracellular domain, aCSF-1R receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) intracellular domain, a DAP12intracellular domain, a TCR-zeta intracellular domain, a TLR5intracellular domain, a CD28 intracellular domain, a DAP10 intracellulardomain, or an FcR-gamma intracellular domain.

Signaling through DAP12 or TCR3Zeta receptor ITAM intracellular domainsleads to downstream signaling events such as Syk kinase activation,which promotes survival, functionality, phagocytosis, and proliferationin cells (Turnbull and Colonna, Nat Rev Immunol, 155-161, 2007)(Poliani, Wang et al., J Clin Invest, 2161-2170, 2015) (Wang, Ou j etal., Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi, 568-572, 2015). Major signalingpathways that lead to cell survival are derived from CSF1R and otherreceptor tyrosine kinase family members such as Kit, the TREM receptorfamily, and other signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT. CSF1R and othertyrosine receptor kinase (RTK) activation lead to a pro-survival andproliferation signal for microglia and other immune and/or support cellsin the brain, such as astrocytes (Hamilton, Nat Rev Immunol, 533-544,2008).

The intracellular signaling sequences within the cytoplasmic portion ofthe chimeric receptor may be linked to each other in a random orspecified order. Optionally, a short oligo- or polypeptide linker, forexample, between 2 and 10 amino acids (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or10 amino acids) in length may form the linkage between intracellularsignaling sequences. In one embodiment, a glycine-serine doublet can beused as a suitable linker. In one embodiment, a single amino acid, e.g.,an alanine, a glycine, can be used as a suitable linker. In oneembodiment, the intracellular signaling domain is designed to comprisetwo or more, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more, costimulatory signaling domains.In an embodiment, the two or more, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or more,costimulatory signaling domains, are separated by a linker molecule,e.g., a linker molecule described herein.

Two-Component Chimeric Receptors

In some embodiments, a chimeric receptor of the present disclosure canbe a two-component receptor. Two-component chimeric receptors includetwo separate polypeptides that can associate, dimerize, or multimerizethrough an interaction domain. In some embodiments, the chimericreceptor comprises a heterodimerization domain, such as an inducibleheterodimerization domain. This two-component approach allows onecomponent to harbor a ligand binding domain, together with a linker,transmembrane domain, and inducible heterodimerization domain, and thesecond polypeptide to harbor a transmembrane domain along with signalingdomains and an inducible heterodimerization domain. In some embodiments,one or more signaling components can be located on one of thetwo-components whereas other signaling domains are located on the othercomponent.

The components can be delivered via two lentiviral vectors or bytransfection and selection using two selectable markers. In a exemplaryembodiment of a two-component receptor system, a host cell contains(e.g., has been transduced with): (1) a vector containing apolynucleotide that encodes an extracellular ligand-binding domain,wherein the ligand is an agent associated with cancer; a flexiblelinker; a transmembrane domain, and a heterodimerization domain; and (2)a second vector containing a second polynucleotide encoding: a flexiblelinker, a transmembrane domain, a signaling domain, and aheterodimerization domain. Upon addition of a dimerization-inducingagent, signaling is enhanced due to dimerization or multimerization ofboth components.

The chimeric receptor can be expressed constitutively after transfer orinducibly to allow for regulation. Induction can be achieved throughinduced expression using a doxycycline responsive promoter vector orthrough small molecule-induced receptor dimerization, such as withrapamycin or Rapasyn, a rapamycin analog that is less immunosuppressive.Such an inducible system can allow for limiting the receptor activationperiod, and/or limiting the location of receptor activation so as tominimize toxicity and maximize dosing. In some embodiments, theinducible heterodimerization domain is a FK506 binding protein (FKBP)heterodimerization domain. In some embodiments, the inducibleheterodimerization domain is a T2089L mutant of FKBP-rapamycin bindingdomain (FRB*) heterodimerization domain.

In another exemplary embodiment of a two-component receptor system, anisolated cell contains (1) a first polynucleotide encoding a chimericreceptor, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises an extracellularligand-binding domain, wherein the ligand is an agent associated withcancer, a flexible linker, a transmembrane domain, and aheterodimerization domain; and (2) a second polynucleotide encoding aflexible linker, a transmembrane domain, a signaling domains, and aheterodimerization domain. In some embodiments, the ligand-bindingdomain of the chimeric receptor is a single-chain Fv domain (scFv), theagent associated with cancer of the chimeric receptor is amyloid beta,the flexible linker of the chimeric receptor is a CD8 hinge domain, thetransmembrane domain of the chimeric receptor is a CD8 transmembranedomain, and the heterodimerization domain of the chimeric receptor is aninducible FK506 binding protein (FKBP) heterodimerization domain. Insome embodiments, the flexible linker encoded by the secondpolynucleotide is a CSF-1R linker domain, the transmembrane domainencoded by the second polynucleotide is a CSF-1R 1 transmembrane domain,the one or more signaling domains encoded by the second polynucleotideare a CSF-1R receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) intracellular domain and aCD3-zeta ITAM domain, and the heterodimerization domain encoded by thesecond polynucleotide is an inducible T2089L mutant of FKBP-rapamycinbinding domain (FRB*) heterodimerization domain. In some embodiments,the first polynucleotide and the second polynucleotide each encode apolypeptide further comprising a CD8 secretory signal peptide at theN-terminus of the encoded polypeptide. In this example, upon addition ofrapamycin, FKBP binds FRB*, resulting in association of the first andsecond components of the two-component chimeric receptor.

Functional Activities of Chimeric Receptors

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in an innate immune cell activates the signaling domain, andthe activated signaling domain induces and/or enhances one or moreactivities, including, without limitation, an increase in myeloid cellactivation, proliferation, survival, phagocytosis, and/or functionalityagainst pathologies associated with cancer. These activities caninclude, without limitation, TREM1 or DAP12 phosphorylation; activationof one or more tyrosine kinases; activation of phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K); activation of protein kinase B; recruitment ofphospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) to a cellular plasma membrane;activation of PLC-gamma; recruitment of TEC-family kinase dVav to acellular plasma membrane; activation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB),inhibition of MAPK signaling; phosphorylation of linker for activationof T cells (LAT) or linker for activation of B cells (LAB); activationof IL-2-induced tyrosine kinase (Itk); modulation of one or morepro-inflammatory mediators; modulation of one or more anti-inflammatorymediators; phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK); modulated expression of C—C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7);induction of microglial cell chemotaxis toward CCL19 and CCL21expressing cells; normalization of disrupted ITAM -dependent geneexpression; recruitment of Syk, ZAP70, or both to an ITAM complex;increased activity of one or more ITAM-dependent genes orCSF-1R-dependent genes; increased maturation or survival of dendriticcells, monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, andM2 microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, or A2 astrocytes; increasedability of dendritic cells, monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia,activated M1 microglia, and M2 microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages,activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, astrocytes, Al astrocytes, orA2 astrocytes, to prime or modulate the function of T cells; enhanced ornormalized ability of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to prime ormodulate function of antigen-specific T cells; induction of osteoclastproduction; increased rate of osteoclastogenesis; increasingphagocytosis by dendritic cells, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activatedM1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia,activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2astrocytes; induction of one or more types of clearance includingapoptotic neuron clearance, nerve tissue debris clearance, non-nervetissue debris clearance, bacteria clearance, other foreign bodyclearance, disease-causing protein clearance, disease-causing peptideclearance, disease-causing nucleic acid clearance; induction ofphagocytosis of one or more of apoptotic neurons, nerve tissue debris,non-nerve tissue debris, dysfunctional synapses, bacteria, other foreignbodies, disease-causing proteins, disease-causing peptides,disease-causing nucleic acids; increased expression of one or morestimulatory molecules; modulated expression of one or more proteins;activation of tumor cell killing; activation of anti-tumor cellproliferation activity; activation of anti-tumor cell metastasisactivity; decreased tumor volume or growth rate; and increased efficacyof one or more immune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor T cellresponses.

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in an innate immune cell activates the signaling domain, andthe activated signaling domain induces and/or enhances an M1 phenotypein the innate immune cell, secretion of one or more pro-inflammatorycytokines from the innate immune cell, the innate immune cell's activityin inhibiting an immune checkpoint molecule, the innate immune cell'sactivity in inhibiting myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) ssignaling, the innate immune cell's activity in inducing cytotoxic Tcell (CTL) activation, the innate immune cell's activity in depressing aT cell, or any combination thereof.

TREM2 and/or DAP12 Phosphorylation

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may induce TREM2 phosphorylationafter binding to a TREM2 and/or DAP12 protein expressed by a cell. Inother embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may induce DAP12 phosphorylationafter binding to a TREM2 and/or DAP12 protein expressed in a cell. Inother embodiments, TREM2 and/or DAP12 phosphorylation is induced by oneor more SRC family tyrosine kinases. Examples of Src family tyrosinekinases include, without limitation, Src, Yes, Fyn, Fgr, Lck, Hck, Blk,Lyn, and Frk.

DAP12 is variously referred to as TYRO protein tyrosine kinase-bindingprotein, TYROBP, KARAP, and PLOSL. DAP12 is a transmembrane signalingprotein that contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif(ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domain. In certain embodiments, binding of theligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell mayinduce DAP12 phosphorylation in its ITAM motif. Any method known in theart for determining protein phosphorylation, such as DAP12phosphorylation, may be used.

In some embodiments, DAP12 is phosphorylated by SRC family kinases,resulting in the recruitment and activation of the Syk kinase, ZAP70kinase, or both, to DAP12. Thus, in certain embodiments, the binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellmay recruit Syk, ZAP70, or both to a DAP12/TREM2 complex.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellmay be useful for preventing, lowering the risk of, or treatingconditions and/or diseases associated with decreased levels of DAP12activity, DAP12 phosphorylation, or recruitment of Syk, ZAP70, or bothto a DAP12/TREM2 complex, including cancer.

PI3K Activation

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may induce may induce PI3Kactivation in a cell.

PI3Ks are a family of related intracellular signal transducer kinasescapable of phosphorylating the 3-position hydroxyl group of the inositolring of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). The PI3K family is divided intothree different classes (Class I, Class II, and Class III) based onprimary structure, regulation, and in vitro lipid substrate specificity.

Activated PI3K produces various 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides,including without limitation, PtdIns3P, PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(3,5)P2,and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. These 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides functionin a mechanism by which signaling proteins are recruited to variouscellular membranes. These signaling proteins containphosphoinositide-binding domains, including without limitation, PXdomains, pleckstrin homology domains (PH domains), and FYVE domains. Anymethod known in the art for determining PI3K activation may be used.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellmay be beneficial for preventing, lowering the risk of, or treatingconditions and/or diseases associated with decreased levels of PI3Kactivity, including cancer.

Modulated Expression of Anti-Inflammatory Mediators

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate (e.g., increase ordecrease) anti-inflammatory activities. In certain embodiments, bindingof the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immunecell increases or decreases the expression of anti-inflammatorymediators (e.g., cytokines) and/or modulates the expression ofpro-inflammatory mediators.

Inflammation is part of a complex biological response of vasculartissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, andirritants. The classical signs of acute inflammation are pain, heat,redness, swelling, and loss of function. Inflammation is a protectiveattempt by an organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiatethe healing process. Inflammation can be classified as either acuteinflammation or chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is the initialresponse of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increasedmovement of plasma and leukocytes (especially granulocytes) from theblood into the injured tissues. A cascade of biochemical eventspropagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the localvascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injuredtissue. Chronic inflammation is prolonged inflammation that leads to aprogressive shift in the type of cells present at the site ofinflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction andhealing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.

As used herein, anti-inflammatory mediators are proteins involved eitherdirectly or indirectly (e.g., by way of an anti-inflammatory signalingpathway) in a mechanism that reduces, inhibits, or inactivates aninflammatory response. Any method known in the art for identifying andcharacterizing anti-inflammatory mediators may be used. Examples ofanti-inflammatory mediators include, without limitation, cytokines, suchas IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-13, IL-35, IL-16, IFN-α, IL-1Rα, VEGF, G-CSF,soluble receptors for TNF, and soluble receptors for IL-6.

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate expression ofanti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-13, IL-35,IL-16, IFN-α, IL-1Rα, VEGF, G-CSF, soluble receptors for TNF, andsoluble receptors for IL-6. In certain embodiments, modulated expressionof the anti-inflammatory mediators occurs in macrophages, dendriticcells, and/or microglial cells. Modulated expression may include,without limitation, modulated in gene expression, modulatedtranscriptional expression, or modulated protein expression. Any methodknown in the art for determining gene, transcript (e.g., mRNA), and/orprotein expression may be used. For example, Northern blot analysis maybe used to determine anti-inflammatory mediator gene expression levels,RT-PCR may be used to determine the level of anti-inflammatory mediatortranscription, and Western blot analysis may be used to determineanti-inflammatory mediator protein levels.

As used herein, an anti-inflammatory mediator may have increasedexpression if its expression in one or more cells expressing a chimericreceptor of the present disclosure is greater than the expression of thesame anti-inflammatory mediator expressed in one or more cells that isnot expressing a chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, binding of theligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell mayincrease anti-inflammatory mediator expression in one or more cells byat least 10%, at least 50%, at least 100%, or at least 200% for example,as compared to anti-inflammatory mediator expression in one or morecells that does not express a chimeric receptor. hi other embodiments,binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innateimmune cell increases anti-inflammatory mediator expression in one ormore cells by at least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold, or at least 10 fold,for example, as compared to anti-inflammatory mediator expression in oneor more cells that does not express a chimeric receptor.

As used herein, an anti-inflammatory mediator may have decreasedexpression if its expression in one or more cells expressing a chimericreceptor of the present disclosure is less than the expression of thesame anti-inflammatory mediator expressed in one or more cells that isnot expressing a chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, binding of theligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell maydecrease anti-inflammatory mediator expression in one or more cells byat least 10%, at least 50%, at least 100%, or at least 200% for example,as compared to anti-inflammatory mediator expression in one or morecells that does not express a chimeric receptor. hi other embodiments,binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innateimmune cell decreases anti-inflammatory mediator expression in one ormore cells by at least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold, or at least 10 fold,for example, as compared to anti-inflammatory mediator expression in oneor more cells that does not express a chimeric receptor.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell is useful for preventing, lowering the risk of,or treating conditions and/or diseases associated with decreased orincreased levels of one or more anti-inflammatory mediators, includingcancer.

Modulated Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate (e.g., increase ordecrease) the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in a cell.

As used herein, pro-inflammatory mediators are proteins involved eitherdirectly or indirectly (e.g., by way of pro-inflammatory signalingpathways) in a mechanism that induces, activates, promotes, or otherwiseincreases an inflammatory response. Any method known in the art foridentifying and characterizing pro-inflammatory mediators may be used.Examples of pro-inflammatory mediators include, without limitation,cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CRP, IL-20family members, IL-33, LIF, IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF, IL-11, IL-12,IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10, and MCP-1.

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate functional expressionand/or secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IFN-γ, IL-1α,IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CRP, IL-20 family members, IL-33, LIF,IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10,and MCP-1. In certain embodiments, modulated expression of thepro-inflammatory mediators occurs in macrophages, dendritic cells,monocytes, osteoclasts, Langerhans cells of skin, Kupffer cells, and/ormicroglial cells. Modulated expression may include, without limitation,modulated gene expression, modulated transcriptional expression, ormodulated protein expression. Any method known in the art fordetermining gene, transcript (e.g., mRNA), and/or protein expression maybe used. For example, Northern blot analysis may be used to determinepro-inflammatory mediator gene expression levels, RT-PCR may be used todetermine the level of pro-inflammatory mediator transcription, andWestern blot analysis may be used to determine pro-inflammatory mediatorprotein levels.

In certain embodiments, pro-inflammatory mediators include inflammatorycytokines. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, binding of the ligand tothe chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell may reducesecretion of one or more inflammatory cytokines. Examples ofinflammatory cytokines whose secretion may be modulated by binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellmay include, without limitation, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8,CRP, IL-20 family members, IL-33, LW, IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF,IL-11, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10, MCP-1.

As used herein, a pro-inflammatory mediator may have increasedexpression if its expression in one or more cells of a subjectexpressing a chimeric receptor of the present disclosure is higher thanthe expression of the same pro-inflammatory mediator expressed in one ormore cells that does not express a chimeric receptor. In someembodiments, the binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may increase pro-inflammatorymediator expression in one or more cells by at least 10%, at least 50%,at least 100%, or at least 200% for example, as compared topro-inflammatory mediator expression in one or more cells that does notexpress a chimeric receptor. In other embodiments, binding of the ligandto the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell mayincrease pro-inflammatory mediator expression in one or more cells by atleast at least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold, or at least 10 fold, forexample, as compared to pro-inflammatory mediator expression in one ormore cells that does not express a chimeric receptor.

As used herein, a pro-inflammatory mediator may have decreasedexpression if its expression in one or more cells of a subjectexpressing a chimeric receptor of the present disclosure is less thanthe expression of the same pro-inflammatory mediator expressed in one ormore cells that does not express a chimeric receptor. In someembodiments, the binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may decrease pro-inflammatorymediator expression in one or more cells by at least 10%, at least 50%,at least 100%, or at least 200% for example, as compared topro-inflammatory mediator expression in one or more cells that does notexpress a chimeric receptor. In other embodiments, binding of the ligandto the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell maydecrease pro-inflammatory mediator expression in one or more cells by atleast at least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold, or at least 10 fold, forexample, as compared to pro-inflammatory mediator expression in one ormore cells that does not express a chimeric receptor.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellmay be useful for preventing, lowering the risk of, or treatingconditions and/or diseases associated with increased levels of one ormore pro-inflammatory mediators, including cancer.

ERK Phosphorylation

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may induce extracellularsignal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation.

Extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are widely expressedprotein kinase intracellular signaling kinases that are involved in, forexample, the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functionsin differentiated cells. Various stimuli, such as growth factors,cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric G protein-coupledreceptors, transforming agents, and carcinogens, activate ERK pathways.Phosphorylation of ERKs leads to the activation of their kinaseactivity.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellis beneficial for preventing, lowering the risk of, or treatingconditions and/or diseases associated with decreased levels of ERKphosphorylation, including cancer.

Modulated Expression of C—C Chemokine Receptor 7

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate expression of C—Cchemokine receptor 7 (CCR7). Modulated expression may include, withoutlimitation, modulated gene expression, modulated transcriptionalexpression, or modulated protein expression. Any method known in the artfor determining gene, transcript (e.g., mRNA), and/or protein expressionmay be used. For example, Northern blot analysis may be used todetermine gene expression levels, RT-PCR may be used to determine thelevel of transcription, and Western blot analysis may be used todetermine protein levels.

C—C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) is a member of the G protein-coupledreceptor family. CCR7 is expressed in various lymphoid tissues and canactivate B-cells and T-cells. In some embodiments, CCR7 may modulate themigration of memory T-cells to secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymphnodes. In other embodiments, CCR7 may stimulate dendritic cellmaturation. CCR7 is a receptor protein that can bind the chemokine (C—Cmotif) ligands CCL19/ELC and CCL21.

As used herein, CCR7 may have increased expression if its expression inone or more cells expressing a chimeric receptor of the presentdisclosure is greater than the expression of CCR7 expressed in one ormore cells that does not express a chimeric receptor. In someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell may increase CCR7 expression in one or more cellsby at least 10%, at least 50%, at least 100%, or at least 200% forexample, as compared to CCR7 expression in one or more cells that doesnot express a chimeric receptor. In other embodiments, binding of theligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellincreases CCR7 expression in one or more cells by at least 1.5 fold, atleast 2.0 fold, or at least 10 fold, for example, as compared to CCR7expression in one or more cells that does not express a chimericreceptor.

As used herein, CCR7 may have decreased expression if its expression inone or more cells expressing a chimeric receptor of the presentdisclosure is lower than the expression of CCR7 expressed in one or morecells that does not express a chimeric receptor. In some embodiments,binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innateimmune cell may decrease CCR7 expression in one or more cells by atleast 10%, at least 50%, at least 100%, or at least 200% for example, ascompared to CCR7 expression in one or more cells that does not express achimeric receptor. In other embodiments, binding of the ligand to thechimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell decreases CCR7expression in one or more cells by at least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold,or at least 10 fold, for example, as compared to CCR7 expression in oneor more cells that does not express a chimeric receptor.

In some embodiments, modulated expression of CCR7 occurs in macrophages,dendritic cells, and/or microglial cells. Increased expression of CCR7may induce microglial cell chemotaxis toward cells expressing thechemokines CCL19 and CCL21. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, bindingof the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immunecell may induce microglial cell chemotaxis toward CCL19 and CCL21expressing cells.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell is useful for preventing, lowering the risk of,or treating conditions and/or diseases associated with decreased levelsof CCR7, including cancer.

Enhanced Ability or Normalized Ability of Cells to Prime or ModulateFunction of Antigen-Specific T Cells

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may enhance and/or normalize theability of dendritic cells (e.g., bone marrow-derived dendritic cells),monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, and M2microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes to prime ormodulate antigen-specific T-cells. T cell priming occurs upon firstcontact of a T cell with its specific antigen. T cell priming involvesantigen uptake, processing, and cell surface expression bound to classII MHC molecules by an antigen presenting cell such as a dendritic cell,recirculation and antigen-specific trapping of helper T cell precursorsin lymphoid tissue. T cell priming subsequently results in proliferationand differentiation of naïve T cells into effector T cells. In someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell may enhance and/or normalize the ability of bonemarrow-derived dendritic cells to induce antigen-specific T-cellproliferation.

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may enhance and/or normalize theability of dendritic cells (e.g., bone marrow-derived dendritic cells),monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, and M2microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes to induceantigen-specific T-cell proliferation by at least 10%, at least 50%, atleast 100%, or at least 200% for example, as compared to the ability ofcells that do not contain a chimeric antigen receptor to induceantigen-specific T-cell proliferation. In other embodiments, binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellmay enhance and/or normalize the ability of dendritic cells (e.g., bonemarrow-derived dendritic cells), monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia,activated M1 microglia, and M2 microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages,activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2astrocytes to induce antigen-specific T-cell proliferation by at leastat least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold, or at least 10 fold, for example,as compared to the ability of cells that do not contain a chimericreceptor to induce antigen-specific T-cell proliferation.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellis beneficial for preventing, lowering the risk of, or treatingconditions and/or diseases associated with an decreased or dysregulatedability of dendritic cells (e.g., bone marrow-derived dendritic cells),monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, and M2microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes to prime ormodulate function of antigen-specific T cells, including cancer.

Osteoclast Production and Osteoclastogenesis

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may induce osteoclast productionand/or increase the rate of osteoclastogenesis.

As used herein, an osteoclast is a type of bone cell that can removebone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix and breaking up theorganic bone (e.g., bone resorption). Osteoclasts can be formed by thefusion of cells of the monocyte-macrophage cell line. In someembodiments, osteoclasts may be characterized by high expression oftartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K.

As used herein, the rate of osteoclast production or osteoclastogenesismay be increased if the rate of osteoclast production orosteoclastogenesis in a subject treated with chimer receptor-expressingcells of the present disclosure is greater than the rate of osteoclastproduction or osteoclastogenesis in a corresponding subject that is nottreated with chimeric receptor-expressing cells. In some embodiments,binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innateimmune cell may increase the rate of osteoclastogenesis in a subject byat least 10%, at least 50%, at least 100%, or at least 200% for example,as compared to rate of osteoclast production or osteoclastogenesis in acorresponding subject that is not treated with chimericreceptor-expressing cells. In other embodiments, binding of the ligandto the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell mayincrease the rate of osteoclast production or osteoclastogenesis in asubject by at least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold, or at least 10 fold,for example, as compared to rate of osteoclast production orosteoclastogenesis in a corresponding subject that is not treated withchimeric receptor-expressing cells.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellis beneficial for preventing, lowering the risk of, or treatingconditions and/or diseases associated with a reduction in osteoclastproduction and/or the rate of osteoclastogenesis, including cancer.

Function, Maturation, and Survival of Macrophages, Microglial Cells,Dendritic Cells Monocytes, Astrocytes, Osteoclasts, Langerhans Cells ofSkin, and Kupffer Cells

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may increase the function,maturation, survival, and/or function of dendritic cells, macrophages,M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, monocytes,osteoclasts, Langerhans cells, Kupffer cells, microglia, M1 microglia,activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, and A2astrocytes.

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may increase the expression of oneor more stimulatory molecules selected from CD83, CD86, MHC class II,and CD40 on macrophages, microglial cells, dendritic cells monocytes,astrocytes, osteoclasts, Langerhans cells of skin, and Kupffer cells.

As used herein, the function, maturation, survival, and/or function ofmacrophages, microglial cells, dendritic cells monocytes, astrocytes,osteoclasts, Langerhans cells of skin, and Kupffer cells may includeincreased proliferation, maturation, survival, and/or function ofmacrophages, microglial cells, dendritic cells monocytes, astrocytes,osteoclasts, Langerhans cells of skin, and Kupffer cells in a subjecttreated with chimeric receptor-expressing cells of the presentdisclosure compared to the level of proliferation, maturation, survival,and/or function of macrophages, microglia, dendritic cells monocytes,osteoclasts, Langerhans cells of skin, and/or Kupffer cells in acorresponding subject that is not treated with the chimericreceptor-expressing cells. In some embodiments, binding of the ligand tothe chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell may increaseproliferation, maturation, survival, and/or function of macrophages,microglial cells, dendritic cells monocytes, astrocytes, osteoclasts,Langerhans cells of skin, and Kupffer cells in a subject by at least10%, at least 50%, at least 100%, or at least 200% for example, ascompared to the proliferation, maturation, survival, and/or function ofmacrophages, microglial cells, dendritic cells monocytes, astrocytes,osteoclasts, Langerhans cells of skin, and Kupffer cells in acorresponding subject that is not treated with the chimericreceptor-expressing cells. In other embodiments, binding of the ligandto the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cell mayincrease proliferation, maturation, survival, and/or function ofmacrophages, microglial cells, dendritic cells monocytes, astrocytes,osteoclasts, Langerhans cells of skin, and Kupffer cells in a subject byat least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold, or at least 10 fold, for example,as compared to the proliferation, maturation, survival, and/or functionof macrophages, microglial cells, dendritic cells monocytes, astrocytes,osteoclasts, Langerhans cells of skin, and Kupffer cells in acorresponding subject that is not treated with chimericreceptor-expressing cells.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellis beneficial for preventing, lowering the risk of, or treatingconditions and/or diseases associated with a reduction in proliferation,maturation, survival, and/or function of macrophages, microglial cells,dendritic cells monocytes, astrocytes, osteoclasts, Langerhans cells ofskin, and Kupffer cells, including cancer.

Clearance and Phagocytosis

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may induce clearance and/orphagocytosis of one or more agents associated with cancer. Exemplaryagents that may be phagocytosed or cleared include, without limitation,an apoptotic neuron, nerve tissue debris, non-nerve tissue debris,bacteria, other foreign body, disease-causing protein, disease-causingpeptide, and disease-causing nucleic acid. Disease causing proteinsinclude amyloid beta, oligomeric amyloid beta, amyloid beta plaques,amyloid precursor protein or fragments thereof, Tau, IAPP,alpha-synuclein, TDP-43, FUS protein, C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open readingframe 72), c9RAN protein, prion protein, PrPSc, huntingtin, calcitonin,superoxide dismutase, ataxin, ataxin 1, ataxin 2, ataxin 3, ataxin 7,ataxin 8, ataxin 10, Lewy body, atrial natriuretic factor, islet amyloidpolypeptide, insulin, apolipoprotein AI, serum amyloid A, medin,prolactin, transthyretin, lysozyme, beta 2 microglobulin, gelsolin,keratoepithelin, cystatin, immunoglobulin light chain AL, S-IBM protein,and Repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation products.Disease-causing peptides include DiPeptide repeat (DPR) peptides,glycine-alanine (GA) repeat peptides, glycine-proline (GP) repeatpeptides, glycine-arginine (GR) repeat peptides, proline-alanine (PA)repeat peptides, ubiquitin, and proline-arginine (PR) repeat peptides.An exemplary disease-causing nucleic acid is antisense GGCCCC (G2C4)repeat-expansion RNA.

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may induce phagocytosis of one ormore of apoptotic neurons, nerve tissue debris, non-nerve tissue debris,bacteria, other foreign bodies, disease-causing proteins,disease-causing peptides, or disease-causing nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, phagocytosis by dendritic cells, macrophages, M1macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, monocytes,microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia,astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, or A2 astrocytes is increased. In someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell may increase phagocytosis by macrophages,dendritic cells, monocytes, and/or microglia under conditions of reducedlevels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF). Alternatively, insome embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may decrease phagocytosis bymacrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, and/or microglia in thepresence of normal levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor(MCSF).

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellis beneficial for preventing, lowering the risk of, or treatingconditions and/or diseases associated with apoptotic neurons, nervetissue debris of the nervous system, non-nerve tissue debris of thenervous system, bacteria, other foreign bodies, or disease-causingproteins, including cancer.

Kinase Activation and Phosphorylation

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may induce activation orphosphorylation of one or more kinases (e.g., tyrosine kinase, spleentyrosine kinase (Syk), protein kinase B, or IL-2-induced tyrosine kinase(Itk)).

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an intracellular signaling molecule thatfunctions downstream of TREM2 by phosphorylating several substrates,thereby facilitating the formation of a signaling complex leading tocellular activation and inflammatory processes.

Protein kinase B is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase thatplays a key role in multiple cellular processes such as glucosemetabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation, transcription and cellmigration.

Itk is an intracellular tyrosine kinase expressed in T-cells. Itk mayplay a role in T-cell proliferation, differentiation, and thedevelopment and effector function of Th2 and Th17 cells.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that binding ofthe ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innate immune cellis beneficial for preventing, lowering the risk of, or treatingconditions and/or diseases associated with decreased levels of kinaseactivation and phosphorylation, including cancer.

Modulated Expression of Proteins

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate expression of C1QA,C1QB, C1QC, C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA,VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX,PYCARD, or VEGF. Modulated expression may include, without limitation,modulated gene expression, modulated transcriptional expression, ormodulated protein expression. Any method known in the art fordetermining gene, transcript (e.g., mRNA), and/or protein expression maybe used. For example, Northern blot analysis may be used to determinegene expression levels, RT-PCR may be used to determine the level oftranscription, and Western blot analysis may be used to determineprotein levels.

As used herein, C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1,LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM,SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGF may have increased expression if itsexpression in one or more cells expressing a chimeric receptor of thepresent disclosure is greater than the expression of C1QA, C1QB, C1QC,C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A,C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGFexpressed in one or more cells that does not express a chimericreceptor. In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimericreceptor expressed in the innate immune cell may increase C1QA, C1QB,C1QC, C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4,MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD,or VEGF expression in one or more cells by at least 10%, at least 50%,at least 100%, or at least 200% for example, as compared to C1QA, C1QB,C1QC, C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4,MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD,or VEGF expression in one or more cells that does not express a chimericreceptor. In other embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimericreceptor expressed in the innate immune cell increases C1QA, C1QB, C1QC,C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A,C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGFexpression in one or more cells by at least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold,or at least 10 fold, for example, as compared to C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C1S,C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1,GPX1, TYROBP, ALOXSAP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGFexpression in one or more cells that does not express a chimericreceptor.

As used herein, C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1,LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOXSAP, ITGAM,SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGF may have decreased expression if itsexpression in one or more cells expressing a chimeric receptor of thepresent disclosure is lower than the expression of C1QA, C1QB, C1QC,C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A,C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGFexpressed in one or more cells that does not express a chimericreceptor. In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimericreceptor expressed in the innate immune cell may decrease C1QA, C1QB,C1QC, C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4,MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD,or VEGF expression in one or more cells by at least 10%, at least 50%,at least 100%, or at least 200% for example, as compared to C1QA, C1QB,C1QC, C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4,MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD,or VEGF expression in one or more cells that does not express a chimericreceptor. In other embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimericreceptor expressed in the innate immune cell decreases C1QA, C1QB, C1QC,C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A,C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGFexpression in one or more cells by at least 1.5 fold, at least 2.0 fold,or at least 10 fold, for example, as compared to C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C1S,C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1,GPX1, TYROBP, ALOXSAP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGFexpression in one or more cells that does not express a chimericreceptor.

In some embodiments, modulated expression of C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C1S, C1R,C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1,TYROBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGF occurs inmacrophages, dendritic cells, and/or microglial cells.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell is useful for preventing, lowering the risk of,or treating conditions and/or diseases associated with dysregulatedlevels of C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C1S, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2,CASP1, CSTA, VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TYROBP, ALOXSAP, ITGAM, SLC7A7,CD4, ITGAX, PYCARD, or VEGF, including cancer.

Recruitment of Signaling Components

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate recruitment ofsignaling components. In some embodiments the modulated signalinginvolves recruitment of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) to a cellularplasma membrane and subsequent activation of PLC-gamma, recruitment ofTEC-family kinase dVav to a cellular plasma membrane, or recruitment ofSyk and/or ZAP70 to an ITAM complex. In some embodiments, recruitment tothe plasma membrane results in enhanced signaling and increaseddownstream effector functions.

PLC is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipidsat a point before a phosphate group and are involved in signaltransduction pathways. PLC-gamma catalyzes the formation of inositol1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate. This reaction uses calcium as a cofactor and plays animportant role in the intracellular transduction of receptor-mediatedtyrosine kinase activators.

TEC family kinases are involved in the intracellular signalingmechanisms of cytokine receptors, lymphocyte surface antigens,heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptors, and integrin molecules.

ZAP70, a protein-tyrosine kinase, is part of the TCR and plays animportant role in T-cell signaling. Upon phosphorylation of ITAMs duringintracellular signaling, ZAP-70 is able to bind to CD3-zeta. The tandemSH2-domains of ZAP-70 are engaged by the doubly phosphorylated ITAMs ofCD3-zeta, which positions ZAP-70 to phosphorylate the transmembraneprotein linker of activated T cells (LAT). Phosphorylated LAT, in turn,serves as a docking site to which a number of downstream signalingproteins bind.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell is useful for preventing, lowering the risk of,or treating conditions and/or diseases associated with dysregulatedrecruitment of signaling pathway components, including cancer.

Inhibition of MAPK Signaling

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may inhibit MAPK signaling in acell.

MAPK, or mitogen-activated protein kinases, are serine/threonine proteinkinases that are involved in propagating signaling pathways directingcellular responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation, andsurvival. MAPKs are catalytically inactive in their base form, andrequire phosphorylation in their activation loops to become activated.Mitogens, cytokines, and cellular stresses promote the activation ofdifferent MAPK pathways, which in turn phosphorylate and activatedownstream signaling mediators.

Inhibited signaling may include, without limitation, decreased geneexpression, decreased transcriptional expression, or decreased proteinexpression. Any method known in the art for determining gene, transcript(e.g., mRNA), and/or protein expression may be used. For example,Northern blot analysis may be used to determine gene expression levels,RT-PCR may be used to determine the level of transcription, and Westernblot analysis may be used to determine protein levels.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell is useful for preventing, lowering the risk of,or treating conditions and/or diseases associated with dysregulated MAPKsignaling, including cancer.

Phosphorylation of Linker for Activation of T Cells (LAT) or Linker forActivation of B Cells (LAB)

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate phosphorylation of LATor LAB in a cell.

LAT is phosphorylated by ZAP70/Syk protein tyrosine kinases followingactivation of the TCR signal transduction pathway. LAT localizes tolipid rafts (also known as glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains orGEMs) and acts as a docking site for SH2 domain-containing proteins.Upon phosphorylation, LAT recruits multiple adaptor proteins anddownstream signaling molecules into multimolecular signaling complexes.

LAB, also known as non-T-cell activation linker (NTAL), is expressed inB cells, NK cells, monocytes, and mast cells. NTAL becomes rapidlytyrosine-phosphorylated upon cross-linking of the B cell receptor (BCR)or of high-affinity Fcγ- and Fcε-receptors of myeloid cells andsubsequently associates with cytoplasmic signaling molecules. Inaddition, LAB is required for TREM-2-mediated activation of Erk1/2 andmodulates proximal TREM-2 signals, resulting in macrophages withproinflammatory properties.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell is useful for preventing, lowering the risk of,or treating conditions and/or diseases associated with dysregulated LATor LAB phosphorylation, including cancer.

Modulated Activity of ITAM-dependent Genes or CSF-1R-dependent Genes

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate activity ofITAM-dependent or CSF-1R-dependent genes in a cell. In some embodiments,binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in the innateimmune cell may modulate ITAM-dependent and/or CSF-1R-dependent geneexpression. Suitable ITAM-dependent and CSF-1R-dependent genes that canbe modified include, without limitation, PDL-1, PDL-2, ICOS, B7-H3,B7-H4, OX4OL, FOXP3, IDO, CD39, CD73, CD80, CD86, CD83, CD11b, CD14,CD33, Siglec-5, Siglec-7, Siglec-9, IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta,IL-18, IL-12, IL-10, IL-6, IL-2, IL-1 (beta and alpha), TNF-alpha,TGF-beta, IRF1, IRF3, STAT1, STAT3, HIF1-alpha, GMZA, GMZB, GZMH, PRF1,GNLY, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL5, CX3CL1, CCL2, MADCAM1, ICAML VCAM1, VEGF,GMCSF, MCSF, Slc7a2, Cxcl9, Serpinb2, Ptgs2, Cxcl3, Cd38 , Arg1, Mg12,Retnla, Ear11, Tmem26, Mrc1, Socs2, Ch25h, Chi313, Slc17a2, Flt1, TIM3,LAG3, CD137, GAL9, OX40, GITR, Osteopontin, MID1, AXL, ITGAX, LPL, SPP1,ATP6VoD2, SIGLECH, CD33, TMEM119, EMR1, CDH23, GLO1, and RASGRF2.ITAM-dependent genes that may be modulated (i.e., upregulated ordownregulated) include, without limitation Saa3, Cd38, Clqa, Clu,Cxcl10, H2-T10, Cc15, Hpgd, Pyhin1, Emp2, Cx3cr1, Cd86, Abcal, Ifit1,Cc13, Gpr34, Sparc, Cxcl9, Cd14, Aoah, Fcgr1, Slfn8, Itga9, Il18, Ebi3,Plxdc2, Edn1, Rasgrp3, Socs3, P2ryl3, Aif1, Fam26f, Ccr7, Cp, Ltf, Hp,Ang, Cc14, Mmp9, Il6, Arhgap22, Il7r, Actn1, Kctd12, Lgmn, Fcnb, Chst7,Lmna, Cc119, Parvg, Siglech, K1, Adcyap1r1, Psd, Sphk1, Cts1, Hsd11b1,Tmem47, Lag3, Bcar3, Tmem158, Slc7a5, Slc2a5, Gp9, Cxcl11, Flrt2, Vwf,Cc112, Atp6v0a1, Plk2, Ccndl, Mmp12, Atf3, Myc, and Egr2. ITAM-dependentand CSF-1R-dependent genes that can be modified in M2 macrophagesinclude, without limitation, ACTN1, AMZ1, ATP6V0A1, ATP6V0D2, BCAR3,CD300LD, CD83, CHST7, CLEC10A, CLEC7A, EGR2, EMP2, FLRT2, GNB4, IL6ST,LMNA, MATK, MMP12, MMP9, MRC1, MYC, OLFM1, P2RY1, PLK2, PTGS1, PTPLA,RHOJ, SOCS6, TANC2, TCFEC, TIAM1, TMEM158, and VWF. ITAM-dependent andCSF-1R-dependent gene that can be modified in M1 macrophages include,without limitation, AOAH, ARHGAP24, CCRL2, CD300LF, CD38, CFB, CP, CPD,CXCL10, D14ERD668E, DDX58, DDX60, E030037K03RIK, EBI3, EPB4.1L3, F11R,FAM176B, FAM26F, FPR1, FPR2, GBP6, GNGT2, GPR18, H2-Q6, H2-T10, HERC6,HP, IFI44, IFIT1, IFIT2, IRAK3, ISF20, ISG15, ITGAL, LOC100503664,MARCO, MPA2L, MS4A4C, MX1, NFKBIZ, OASL1, PILR1, PROBE, PSTPIP2, PYHIN1,RSAD2, SAA3, SEPX1, SLFN1, SLFN4, SLFN8, STAT1, STAT2, TLR2, TUBA4A,XAF1, and ZPB1. CSF-1R-dependent genes that may be modulated (i.e.,upregulated or downregulated) include, without limitation Ms4a6b, Mmp12,Selenbp1, Ndrg1, Bnip3, Klk1b11, Selenbp2, AW112010, Rgs17, Bnip3, Mrc1,Scd1, Cxcr4, Ero11, Ms4a7, Scd2, Cyp2ab1, Trib3, Ms4a6c, Plcel, Ms4a4c,Cyp11a1, NA, NA, Tmem71, Ear2, Fabp5, Fabp5, 4930583H14Rik, Tcp1112, C3,Mmp13, Ghrh, Prelid2, F10, Ephx1, Lilra5, Aoah, Gpr162, Car6, I17r,Snhg8, NA, Dkc1, Ccnd2, NA, Tsrl, Adapt, Snhg1, Ptgs2, Txnip, Mmp8, Met,NA, Ppbp, Epha2, Jag1, NA, Cxc13, NA, Cc17, NA, NA, Id3, Cd207, NA, NA,Id1, Tfrc, TREM1, and Cc112.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell is useful for preventing, lowering the risk of,or treating conditions and/or diseases associated with dysregulated ITAMor CSF-1R signaling pathways, including cancer.

Modulation of Anti-Cancer Responses

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may modulate one or more anti-cancerresponses in a subject. In some embodiments, the anti-cancer response isan anti-tumor response. Anti-tumor cell responses may include, withoutlimitation, tumor cell killing, anti-tumor cell proliferation activity,anti-tumor cell metastasis activity, and efficacy of one or moreimmune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor T cell responses. In someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell increases tumor cell killing, anti-tumor cellproliferation activity, and/or anti-tumor cell metastasis activitymediated by microglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-deriveddendritic cells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell may reduce tumor volume and/or growth rate. Insome embodiments, reduced tumor volume and growth rate, reduced numberof tumor infiltrating immune suppressor macrophages, and increasedeffector T cell influx into the tumor may indicate the anti-cancereffects of chimeric receptor-expressing innate immune cells. Any methodknown in the art for determining tumor volume or growth rate may beused. For example, tumor volume or growth may be monitored visually,with a caliper, or via imaging methods such as X-ray imaging, CT scans,nuclear imaging (PET scans), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), digital mammography, and virtual colonoscopy.

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in the innate immune cell may increase efficacy of one or moreimmune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor T cell responses in a subject.Exemplary immune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor T cell responsesinclude, without limitation, PD1/PDL1 blockade, CTLA-4 blockade, andcancer vaccines. In some embodiments, a decrease in tumor growth and anincrease in percent survival may indicate that chimericreceptor-expressing cells have additive or synergistic therapeuticeffects with one or more immune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor Tcell responses.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell is useful for preventing, lowering the risk of,or treating conditions and/or diseases associated with decreasedanti-tumor responses, including cancer.

Innate Immune Cell Functionality

In some embodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptorexpressed in an innate immune cell activates the signaling domain, andthe activated signaling domain induces and/or enhances one of morefunctions of the innate immune cell.

In some embodiments, the activated signaling domain induces and/orenhances an M1 phenotype in the innate immune cell. Cells with an M1phenotype (e.g., M1 macrophages) can produce large amounts of thecytokines TNF, IL-12, and IL-23 and can help drive pro-inflammatory andantigen specific T cell responses. In some embodiments, the activatedsignaling domain induces and/or enhances the innate immune cell'sactivity in inhibiting an immune checkpoint molecule. Exemplary immunecheckpoint molecules that can be inhibited include, without limitation,programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associatedprotein 4 (CTLA4), programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2), programmed celldeath protein 1 (PD-1), B7-H3, B7-H4, Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM),B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), Killer inhibitory receptor (KIR),galectin 9 (GALS), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3(TIM3), adenosine receptor Ata (AZAR), LAG-3, phosphatidylserine, CD27,TNF-α, CD33, Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin 5(Siglec-5), Siglec-7, Siglec-9, Siglec-11, TREM1, and TREM2.

In some embodiments, the activated signaling domain induces and/orenhances the innate immune cell's activity in inhibiting myeloid derivedsuppressor cell (MDSC) signaling. MDSCs are a heterogeneous group ofimmune cells that have strong immunosuppressive abilities. MDSCs cansuppress the activity and effector function of T cells, DCs,macrophages, and NK cells. MDSCs are also known to accumulate in cancerpatients and can impair anti-tumor responses, including the ability ofcytotoxic CD8+ T cells to kill cancer cells. In some embodiments, theactivated signaling domain induces and/or enhances the innate immunecell's activity in inducing cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activation. CTLs,such as cytotoxic CD8+T cells, mediate antigen-specific killing ofcancerous and virally-infected cells through the release of thecytotoxins perform, granzymes, and granulysin and throughFas/FasL-mediated apoptosis. In some embodiments, the activatedsignaling domain induces and/or enhances the innate immune cell'sactivity in depressing a T cell such as a regulatory T cell. RegulatoryT cells (Tregs) can suppress induction and proliferation of effector Tcells, and may limit the immune response generated against cancerouscells. Increased numbers of Tregs is associated with a poorer prognosisin several types of cancer, including ovarian, breast, renal, andpancreatic cancer. Thus, without wishing to be bound by theory,suppressing Tregs in the context of cancer may enhance the anti-cancerimmune response.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in someembodiments, binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed inthe innate immune cell is useful for preventing, lowering the risk of,or treating conditions and/or diseases associated with dysregulatedinnate immune cell functionality, including cancer.

Polynucleotides Encoding Chimeric Receptors

Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to an isolatedpolynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor. The disclosure encompassesa polynucleotide construct comprising sequences of a chimeric receptor,wherein the sequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of aligand-binding domain operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence of atransmembrane domain and an intracellular domain. In some embodiments,by fusing a polynucleotide encoding a ligand binding domain topolynucleotides encoding transmembrane and signaling domains, a chimericgene is obtained which combines a ligand binding site and intracellularsignaling components into one continuous chain. In some embodiments thepolynucleotide is a DNA polynucleotide. In some embodiments thepolynucleotide is a RNA polynucleotide, such as an mRNA polynucleotide.

The polynucleotide sequences coding for the desired molecules can beobtained using recombinant methods known in the art, such as, forexample by screening libraries from cells expressing the gene, byderiving the gene from a vector known to include the same, or byisolating directly from cells and tissues containing the same, usingstandard techniques.

Alternatively, the polynucleotide of interest can be producedsynthetically, rather than cloned.

Several chimeric receptor constructs are described herein, with eachutilizing a different combination of ligand-binding, linker,transmembrane, and/or intracellular signaling domains. The chimericreceptors constructs can be used individually or can be used in anycombination. The constructs can be introduced into the same cells or canbe introduced into a mixed population of cells that express one or theother construct separately. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptorsare referred to as synthetic myeloid activating receptor technology(SMART) receptors. Several SMART receptors are described herein. As usedherein, the “»” symbol indicates association between the differentchimeric receptor domains. Chimeric receptor domains are listed, inorder from 5′→3′ of the polynucleotide sequence, as ligand-bindingdomain, linker, transmembrane domain, and signaling domain, with eachdomain separated by the “»” symbol (e.g., ligand-bindingdomain»linker»transmembrane domain»signaling domain). “SS” as usedherein refers to a signal sequence. “TM” as used herein refers to atransmembrane domain.

In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 27-33. In some embodiments, thepolynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least about80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%,or about 99% homology to the polynucleotide sequence selected from SEQID NOs: 27-33. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises anamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 20-26, or an amino acidsequence with at least about 95% homology to the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NOs: 20-26. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprisesan amino acid sequence with at least about 80%, about 85%, about 90%,about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99% homology to theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 20-26. Certain aspects of the presentdisclosure relate to an isolated chimeric receptor encoded by thepolynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs: 27-33.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is SMARTI. SMARTI is composedof the elements: CD8 secretory signal sequence (SS)»anti-CD19 scFv»CD8Hinge domain»CD8 transmembrane domain (TM)»4-1BB intracellular»CD3ZetaITAM domain. The amino acid sequence for SMART1 is provided in SEQ IDNO: 20 and the polynucleotide sequence for SMART1 is provided in SEQ IDNO: 27.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is SMARTI I. SMART11 iscomposed of the elements: CD8SS»antiCD19SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»

CD28»CD3Zeta ITAM. The amino acid sequence for SMART11 is provided inSEQ ID NO: 21 and the polynucleotide sequence for SMART11 is provided inSEQ ID NO: 28.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is SMART12. SMART12 iscomposed of the elements: SMARTI 2 is composed of the elements: CD8SS»anti-CD19 SCfV»CD8 Hinge»CD8TM»TLR5 intracellular domain. The aminoacid sequence for SMART12 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 22 and thepolynucleotide sequence for SMART12 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 29.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is SMART13. SMART13 iscomposed of the elements: CD8 SS»anti-CD19SCfV»TLR5 hinge andtransmembrane»TLR5 intracellular domain. The amino acid sequence forSMART13 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 23 and the polynucleotide sequence forSMART13 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 30.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is SMART14. SMART14 iscomposed of the elements: CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV»CD8 Hinge»CD8TM»CD28intracellular domain»TLR5 intracellular domain, The amino acid sequencefor SMART14 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 24 and the polynucleotide sequencefor SMART14 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 31.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is SMART15. SMART15 iscomposed of the elements: CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV»CD8 Hinge»CD8TM»4-1BBintracellular domain»TLR5 intracellular domain. The amino acid sequencefor SMART15 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 25 and the polynucleotide sequencefor SMART15 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 32.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is SMART16. SMART16 iscomposed of the elements: CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV »TLR5 hinge andtransmembrane»TLR5 intracellular»CD3zeta intracellular domain. The aminoacid sequence for SMART16 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 26 and thepolynucleotide sequence for SMART16 is provided in SEQ ID NO: 33.

In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is a two-component receptor.In some embodiments, the two-component receptor includes a FK506 bindingprotein (FKBP) heterodimerization domain. An exemplary FKBP sequence isprovided in SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the inducibleheterodimerization domain includes a FKBP-rapamycin binding domain(FRB*) heterodimerization domain. An exemplary FRB* sequence is providedin SEQ ID NO: 19.

In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the ligand-bindingdomain (or other portions or the entire chimeric receptor) can bemodified, e.g., an amino acid sequence described herein can be modified,e.g., by a conservative substitution. Families of amino acid residueshaving similar side chains have been defined in the art, including basicside chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains(e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g.,glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine),nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine,proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched sidechains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains(e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine).

Vectors

Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to a vector comprisinga polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, oneor more vectors (e.g., expression vectors) containing suchpolynucleotides are provided.

For recombinant production of a chimeric receptor of the presentdisclosure, a polynucleotide encoding the chimeric receptor is isolatedand inserted into one or more vectors for further cloning and/orexpression in a host cell. Such polynucleotides may be readily isolatedand sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by usingoligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genesencoding the chimeric receptor domains).

Suitable vectors containing a polynucleotide encoding a chimericreceptor of the present disclosure include, without limitation, cloningvectors and expression vectors. Suitable cloning vectors can beconstructed according to standard techniques, or may be selected from alarge number of cloning vectors available in the art. While the cloningvector selected may vary according to the host cell intended to be used,useful cloning vectors generally have the ability to self-replicate, maypossess a single target for a particular restriction endonuclease,and/or may carry genes for a marker that can be used in selecting clonescontaining the vector. Suitable examples include plasmids and bacterialviruses, e.g., pUC18, pUC19, Bluescript (e.g., pBS SK+) and itsderivatives, mp18, mp19, pBR322, pMB9, ColE1, pCR1, RP4, phage DNAs, andshuttle vectors such as pSA3 and pAT28. These and many other cloningvectors are available from commercial vendors such as BioRad,Strategene, and Invitrogen.

Expression vectors generally are replicable polynucleotide constructsthat contain a polynucleotide of the present disclosure. The expressionvector may replicable in the host cells either as episomes or as anintegral part of the chromosomal DNA. Suitable expression vectorsinclude but are not limited to plasmids, viral vectors, includingadenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), lentiviral vectors,retroviral vectors, cosmids, a sleeping beauty vector, non-viral plasmidvectors and expression vector(s) disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO87/04462. In some embodiments, the vector is pCDNA3.4-Topo from LifeTechnologies.

Vector components may generally include, but are not limited to, one ormore of the following: a signal sequence; an origin of replication; oneor more marker genes; suitable transcriptional controlling elements(such as promoters, enhancers and terminator). For expression (i.e.,translation), one or more translational controlling elements are alsousually required, such as ribosome binding sites, translation initiationsites, and stop codons. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence inthe vector further comprises a poly(A) tail. In one embodiment, thenucleic acid sequence in the vector further comprises a 3′UTR e.g.,comprising at least one repeat of a 3′UTR derived from humanbeta-globulin.

In some embodiment, the vector comprises a promoter. Depending on thepromoter, individual elements can function either cooperatively orindependently to activate transcription. Additional promoter elements,e.g., enhancers, regulate the frequency of transcriptional initiation.Typically, these are located in the region 30-110 bp upstream of thestart site, although a number of promoters have been shown to containfunctional elements downstream of the start site as well. The spacingbetween promoter elements frequently is flexible, so that promoterfunction is preserved when elements are inverted or moved relative toone another.

Exemplary promoters for use in the present disclosure include, withoutlimitation, the CMV IE gene, EF-1 promoter, ubiquitin C,phosphoglycerokinase (PGK) promoter, T2A promoter, and thymidine kinase(tk) promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is an EFla promoter.The native EFla promoter drives expression of the alpha subunit of theelongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymaticdelivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. The EFla promoter has beenextensively used in mammalian expression plasmids and has been shown tobe effective in driving chimeric receptor expression from transgenescloned into a lentiviral vector. See, e.g., Milone et al., Mol. Ther.17(8): 1453-1464 (2009). Another example of a promoter is the immediateearly cytomegalovirus (CMV IE) promoter sequence. This promoter sequenceis a strong constitutive promoter sequence capable of driving highlevels of expression of any polynucleotide sequence operatively linkedthereto. However, other constitutive promoter sequences may also beused, including, but not limited to the simian virus 40 (SV40) earlypromoter, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, MoMuLV promoter, an avianleukemia virus promoter, an Epstein-Barr virus immediate early promoter,a Rous sarcoma virus promoter, as well as human gene promoters such as,but not limited to, the actin promoter, the myosin promoter, thehemoglobin promoter, and the creatine kinase promoter.

Inducible promoters are also contemplated for use in the presentdisclosure. The use of an inducible promoter provides a molecular switchcapable of turning on expression of the polynucleotide sequence which itis operatively linked when such expression is desired, or turning offthe expression when expression is not desired. Examples of induciblepromoters include, but are not limited to a metallothionine promoter, aglucocorticoid promoter, a progesterone promoter, and a tetracyclinepromoter.

Host Cells

Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to a host cellcomprising a chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, a host cellcontaining a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor is provided. Insome embodiments, the host cell is an isolated host cell. As usedherein, an “isolated cell” is a cell that is identified and separatedfrom at least one contaminant cell with which it is ordinarilyassociated in the environment in which it was produced. In someembodiments, the isolated cell is free of association with allcomponents associated with the production environment. The isolated cellis in a form other than in the form or setting in which it is found innature. Isolated cells are distinguished from cells existing naturallyin tissues, organs, or individuals. In some embodiments, the isolatedcell is a host cell of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, thehost cell contains (e.g., has been transduced with): a vector containinga polynucleotide that encodes an extracellular ligand-binding domain,wherein the ligand is an agent associated with cancer; a flexiblelinker; a transmembrane domain, and a signaling domain. In someembodiments, the host cell is eukaryotic, e.g., a Chinese Hamster Ovary(CHO) cell or lymphoid cell (e.g., Y0, NS0, Sp20 cell). Host cells ofthe present disclosure also include, without limitation, isolated cells,in vitro cultured cells, and ex vivo cultured cells. In someembodiments, a host cell of the present disclosure containing apolynucleotide encoding said chimeric receptor is cultured underconditions suitable for expression of the chimeric receptor.

Immune Cells

In some embodiments, the host cell is an innate immune cell. Anysuitable innate immune cell known in the art may be used. Innate immunecells for use in the present disclosure may be in a resting or activatedstate. For example, in some embodiments, the innate immune cell is acell that has been activated by the presence of antigen, cytokines, orother activating ligands.

In some embodiments, the innate immune cell is a NK cell. NK (naturalkiller) cells are innate lymphocytes which are differentiated from thecommon lymphoid progenitor (CLP). NK cells have diverse functions,including recognizing and killing virally-infected and tumor cells(mediated by the contents of their cytotoxic granules) and secretingcytokines such as IFNγ.

In some embodiments, the innate immune cell is a myeloid cell. Myeloidcells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.Myeloid cells include megakaryocytes, erythrocyte-precursors,mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes/macrophages) and all of thepolymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils).Exemplary myeloid cells include, without limitation, macrophages,monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells (DCs), osteoclasts, Langerhanscells, Kuppfer cells, and microglia.

Monocytes are amoeboid shaped cells with agranulated cytoplasm andunilobar nuclei. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream and can migratein response to inflammatory signals. Upon migration from the bloodstreamto other tissues, monocytes differentiate into tissue residentmacrophages or DCs. Functional activities of monocytes, macrophages, andDCs include, without limitation, phagocytosis, antigen presentation, andcytokine production. Neutrophils, which contain a multilobulatednucleus, are recruited to sites of injury or infection by chemotaxis,and function via phagocytosis, release of soluble anti-microbials, andgeneration of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Langerhans cellsare resident dendritic cells of the skin and mucosa. The have a similarmorphology and function as macrophages, including antigen presentation.Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages, are residentmacrophages of the liver that play a role in host defense and in thehomeosatic responses of tissue. Kupffer cells are found in the hepaticsinusoids and function by endocytosing blood-borne materials which enterthe liver. Osteoclasts are bone cells that are involved in themaintenance, repair, and remodeling of bones. Osteoclasts are derivedfrom the myeloid lineage and are formed in the presence of receptoractivator of nuclear factor κβ ligand (RANKL) and macrophagecolony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) produced by stromal cells andosteoblasts.

Microglial cells are a type of glial cell that are the residentmacrophages of the brain and spinal cord, and thus act as the first andmain form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS).Microglial cells constitute 20% of the total glial cell populationwithin the brain. Microglial cells are constantly scavenging the CNS forplaques, damaged neurons and infectious agents. The brain and spinalcord are considered “immune privileged” organs in that they areseparated from the rest of the body by a series of endothelial cellsknown as the blood-brain barrier, which prevents most infections fromreaching the vulnerable nervous tissue. In the case where infectiousagents are directly introduced to the brain or cross the blood-brainbarrier, microglial cells must react quickly to decrease inflammationand destroy the infectious agents before they damage the sensitiveneural tissue. Due to the unavailability of antibodies from the rest ofthe body (few antibodies are small enough to cross the blood brainbarrier), microglia must be able to recognize foreign bodies, swallowthem, and act as antigen-presenting cells activating T-cells. Since thisprocess must be done quickly to prevent potentially fatal damage,microglial cells are extremely sensitive to even small pathologicalchanges in the CNS. They achieve this sensitivity in part by havingunique potassium channels that respond to even small changes inextracellular potassium.

Some aspects of the present disclosure include an isolated myeloid cellcomprising a chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, an isolated myeloidcell comprises a first polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor,wherein the chimeric receptor comprises an extracellular ligand-bindingdomain, wherein the ligand is an agent associated with cancer; aflexible linker; a transmembrane domain, and a heterodimerizationdomain; and a second polynucleotide encoding: a flexible linker, atransmembrane domain, a signaling domains, and a heterodimerizationdomain. In some embodiments, the ligand-binding domain of the chimericreceptor is a single-chain Fv domain (scFv), the agent associated withcancer of the chimeric receptor is amyloid beta, the flexible linker ofthe chimeric receptor is a CD8 hinge domain, the transmembrane domain ofthe chimeric receptor is a CD8 transmembrane domain, and theheterodimerization domain of the chimeric receptor is an inducible FK506binding protein (FKBP) heterodimerization domain. In some embodiments,the flexible linker encoded by the second polynucleotide is a CSF-1Rlinker domain, the transmembrane domain encoded by the secondpolynucleotide is a CSF-1R 1 transmembrane domain, the one or moresignaling domains encoded by the second polynucleotide are a CSF-1Rreceptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) intracellular domain and a CD3-zeta ITAMdomain, and the heterodimerization domain encoded by the secondpolynucleotide is an inducible T2089L mutant of FKBP-rapamycin bindingdomain (FRB*) heterodimerization domain. In some embodiments, the firstpolynucleotide and the second polynucleotide each encode a polypeptidefurther comprising a CD8 secretory signal peptide at the N-terminus ofthe encoded polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the cell phenotype of an isolated myeloid cellexpressing a chimeric receptor is modified in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivoby addition of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory agents orcytokines. Such cytokines can include, without limitation, GM-CSF, MCSF,IL-1, IL4, IL10, IL12, TNFα, TGF-beta, and LPS.

In some embodiments, the innate immune cell is an astrocyte. Astrocytes,also called astroglia, are specialized glial cells found in the brainand spinal cord. Astrocytes are derived from heterogeneous populationsof progenitor cells in the neuroepithelium of the developing centralnervous system. Astrocyte functions include endothelial cell support,regulation of blood flow, synapse function, maintenance of extracellularion balance, and nervous system repair. Astrocytes also function asimmune cells in the CNS via their production of cytokines and expressionof class II MHC antigens and costimulatory molecules that are criticalfor antigen presentation and T-cell activation. Astrocytes are alsoinvolved in various neurological diseases, including Alzheimer'sdisease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, anddementia. Early stages of neurological disease processes are thought tobe associated with atrophy of astroglia, which causes disruptions insynaptic connectivity and neurotransmitter homeostasis, and neuronaldeath. At the later stages of disease, astrocytes may become activatedand contribute to the neuroinflammatory component of neurologicaldiseases. In some embodiments, the astrocyte is an A1 astrocyte or an A2astrocyte. A1 astrocytes express the adenosine A1 receptor, while A2astrocytes express the adenosine A2 receptor. Adenosine receptors haveinhibitory functions, including decreasing metabolic activity andreducing synaptic vesicle release during nerve transmission.

In some embodiments, the innate immune cell has an M1 or M2 phenotype.In some embodiments, innate immune cells with an M1 phenotype areinvolved in inflammatory process and may secrete pro-inflammatorycytokines such as IL-1 and TNFα. In some embodiments, innate immunecells with an M2 phenotype are involved in resolution of inflammationand tissue repair. For example, macrophages can be polarized toward aclassically activated (M1) phenotype in the presence oflipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IFNγ. M1 macrophages can produce largeamounts of the cytokines TNF, IL-12, and IL-23 and can help drivepro-inflammatory and antigen specific T cell responses. Conversely,macrophages can be polarized toward an alternatively activated (M2)phenotype in the presence of IL-4. M2 macrophages can produce largeamounts of the cytokines IL-10 and IL-1RA and function inimmunoregulation and tissue remodeling. In some embodiments, the innateimmune cell is an M1 macrophage, an M2 macrophage, a neutrophil, anactivated neutrophil, an NK cell, an M1 microglia, or an M2 microglia.

In some embodiments, genetic manipulation of cells encoding chimericreceptors can allow polarization of cells in a directed manner. Forexample, cells can be polarized toward a protective/regenerative M2-likephenotype or an M1-like pro-inflammatory state through inhibition ofcomponents of the NFKappaB complex pathway (e.g., IKK). In someembodiments, the isolated host cell further expresses one or moresignaling factors that promote an M2 phenotype by inhibiting aTNF-alpha/NF-KappaB pathway a TLR/MyD88 pathway, or both. Such signalingfactors can include, without limitation, dominant negative IKK-alpha, adominant negative IKK-alpha IKK-beta, a dominant negative IKK-alpha IKBa(IKBa-DN), a MEKK isoform, and any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the one or more signaling factors that promote an M2phenotype by inhibiting a TLR/MyD88 pathway are one or more dominantnegative forms of MyD88.

Methods of Producing Chimeric Receptor-Expressing Cells

Certain aspects of the present disclosure include a method of producingan innate immune cell expressing a chimeric receptor. The vectorscontaining the polynucleotides encoding a chimeric receptor can beintroduced into a host cell by any of a number of appropriate means.Vectors can be transferred to a host cell in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.For example, the expression vector can be transferred into a host cellby physical, chemical, or biological means. The choice of introducingvectors or polynucleotides will often depend on features of the hostcell.

Physical methods for introduction include calcium phosphateprecipitation, lipofection, particle bombardment, microinjection, andelectroporation, and the like. Methods for producing cells comprisingvectors and/or exogenous nucleic acids are well-known in the art. Insome embodiments, the polynucleotide is introduced into a host cell bycalcium phosphate transfection.

Biological methods for introducing a polynucleotide of interest into ahost cell include the use of DNA and RNA vectors. Viral vectors, andespecially retroviral vectors, have become the most widely used methodfor inserting genes into mammalian, e.g., human cells. Other viralvectors can be derived from lentivirus, poxviruses, herpes simplex virusI, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses.

Chemical means for introducing a polynucleotide into a host cell includecolloidal dispersion systems, such as macromolecule complexes,nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems includingoil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. Anexemplary colloidal system for use as a delivery vehicle in vitro and invivo is a liposome (e.g., an artificial membrane vesicle). Other methodsof state-of-the-art targeted delivery of nucleic acids are available,such as delivery of polynucleotides with targeted nanoparticles or othersuitable sub-micron sized delivery system.

In the case where a non-viral delivery system is utilized, an exemplarydelivery vehicle is a liposome. The use of lipid formulations iscontemplated for the introduction of the polynucleotides or vectors intoa host cell (in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo). In another aspect, thepolynucleotide may be associated with a lipid. The polynucleotide orvector associated with a lipid may be encapsulated in the aqueousinterior of a liposome, interspersed within the lipid bilayer of aliposome, attached to a liposome via a linking molecule that isassociated with both the liposome and the oligonucleotide, entrapped ina liposome, complexed with a liposome, dispersed in a solutioncontaining a lipid, mixed with a lipid, combined with a lipid, containedas a suspension in a lipid, contained or complexed with a micelle, orotherwise associated with a lipid. Lipid, lipid/DNA or lipid/expressionvector associated compositions are not limited to any particularstructure in solution. For example, they may be present in a bilayerstructure, as micelles, or with a “collapsed” structure. They may alsosimply be interspersed in a solution, possibly forming aggregates thatare not uniform in size or shape. Lipids are fatty substances which maybe naturally occurring or synthetic lipids. For example, lipids includethe fatty droplets that naturally occur in the cytoplasm as well as theclass of compounds which contain long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons andtheir derivatives, such as fatty acids, alcohols, amines, aminoalcohols, and aldehydes.

Regardless of the method used to introduce polynucleotides into a hostcell, in order to confirm the presence of the polynucleotide in the hostcell, a variety of assays may be performed. Such assays include, forexample, “molecular biological” assays well known to those of skill inthe art, such as Southern and Northern blotting, RT-PCR and PCR;

Or “biochemical” assays, such as detecting the presence or absence of aparticular peptide, e.g., by immunological means (ELISAs and Westernblots).

In some embodiments, an innate immune cell expressing a chimericreceptor is produced by isolating an innate immune cell, introducing avector encoding a chimeric receptor, and culturing the cell so that thechimeric receptor is expressed. In some embodiments, vector constructsexpressing a chimeric receptor can be directly transduced into a cell.In some embodiments, an RNA construct encoding a chimeric receptor canbe directly transfected into a cell. Upon transfection or transductionof such chimeric receptor-encoding polynucleotides into immune cells,the construct is expressed in the cell as a functional receptor andendows the cells with ligand specificity.

Allogeneic Cells

In some embodiments, the innate immune cell is an allogeneic cell. Insome embodiments, the innate immune cell is modified to be an allogeneiccell. In some embodiments, the innate immune cell may be modified tolack one or more genes encoding one or more immune molecules that allowfor recognition by the adaptive immune system. For example, heterologouschimeric receptor-expressing cells, such as from unrelated individualsor relatives, can be modified so as to minimize potentialimmunogenicity. Exemplary immune recognition molecules include, withoutlimitation, MHC class I molecules, MHC class I co-receptors, MHC classII molecules, MHC class II co-receptors, HLA class I molecules, or HLAclass II molecules.

In some embodiments, the allogeneic cell can be a cell which does notexpress or expresses at low levels an inhibitory molecule, e.g., by anymethod described herein. For example, the cell can be a cell that doesnot express or expresses at low levels an inhibitory molecule, e.g.,that can decrease the ability of a chimer receptor-expressing cell tomount an immune effector response. Examples of inhibitory moleculesinclude PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM3, CEACAM (e.g., CEACAM-1, CEACAM-3and/or CEACAM-5), LAG3, VISTA, BTLA, TIGIT, LAIR1, CD160, 2B4 and TGFRbeta. Inhibition of an inhibitory molecule, e.g., by inhibition at theDNA, RNA or protein level, can optimize a chimeric receptor-expressingcell's function.

Allogeneic cells that lack expression of a functional MHC or HLA can beobtained by any suitable means, including a knock out or knock down ofone or more subunit of HLA or MHC. For example, the cell can include aknock down of MHC or HLA using siRNA, shRNA, clustered regularlyinterspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) transcription-activatorlike effector nuclease (TALEN), or zinc finger endo nuclease (ZFN). Insome embodiments, an inhibitory nucleic acid, e.g., an inhibitorynucleic acid, e.g., a sRNA, e.g., an siRNA or shRNA, can be used.

In some embodiments, MHC or HLA expression can be inhibited using siRNAor shRNA that targets a nucleic acid encoding a MHC or HLA in a cell.Expression of siRNA and shRNAs in T cells can be achieved using anyconventional expression system, e.g.. such as a lentiviral expressionsystem.

CRISPR, as used herein refers to a set of clustered regularlyinterspaced short palindromic repeats, or a system comprising such a setof repeats. “Cas”, as used herein, refers to a CRISPR- associatedprotein. A “CRISPR/Cas” system refers to a system derived from CRISPRand Cas which can be used to silence or mutate a MHC or HLA gene. TheCRISPR/Cas system has been modified for use in gene editing (silencing,enhancing or changing specific genes) in eukaryotes such as mice orprimates. This is accomplished by introducing into the cella plasmidcontaining a specifically designed CRISPR and one or more appropriateCas. The CRISPR/Cas system can thus be used to edit a gene (adding ordeleting a basepair), or introducing a premature stop which thusdecreases expression of a MHC or HLA. The CRISPR/Cas system canalternatively be used like RNA interference, turning, off MHC or HLAgene in a reversible fashion. in a mammalian cell, for example, the RNAcan guide the Cas protein to a MHC or HLA promoter, sterically blockingRNA polymerases.

A TALEN protein is a transcription activator-like effector nuclease, anartificial nuclease which can be used to edit the MHC or HLA gene.TALENs are produced artificially by fusing a TAL effector DNA bindingdomain to a DNA cleavage domain. They can be engineered to bind anydesired DNA sequence, including a portion of the HLA or MHC gene. Bycombining an engineered TALE with a DNA cleavage domain, a restrictionenzyme can be produced which is specific to any desired DNA sequence,including a HLA or MHC sequence. These can then be introduced into acell, wherein they can be used for genome editing.

ZFNs are artificial nucleases which can be used to edit the HLA and/orMHC gene. Like a TALEN, a ZFN comprises a Fold nuclease domain (orderivative thereof) fused to a DNA -binding domain. in the case of aZFN. the DNA-binding domain comprises one or more zinc fingers and mustdimerize to cleave DNA. The two individual ZFNs must bind oppositestrands of the DNA with their nucleases properly spaced apart. A ZFN cancreate a double-stranded break in the DNA, which can create a frame-shift mutation if improperly repaired, leading, to a decrease in theexpression and amount of HLA or MHC in a cell. ZFNs can also be usedwith homologous recombination to mutate in the HLA or MHC gene.

In some embodiments, genes encoding key immune molecules such as MHCclass I and II, the Beta2-Microglobulin component of the MHC class Icomplex, or the invariant chain component of MHC class II can be mutatedor deleted or otherwise rendered dysfunctional using CRISPR-Cas9, TALEN,or Zinc Finger nucleases. Vectors to deliver CRISPR-Cas9, TALEN, ZincFinger nucleases or similar reagents can be transfected or transduced inthe cells, or these factors could be introduced as RNA or proteins.Immune cells can then be screened or purified for the loss of expressionof the immune molecules, such as MCH class I or II. Such methods mayreduce the potential for antigenicity of the introduced chimericreceptor-expressing cells in the context of heterologous treatmenttherapies.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encodingchimeric receptors and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.Polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encoding the chimeric receptors ofthe present disclosure can be incorporated into a variety offormulations for therapeutic administration by combining thepolynucleotides, vectors, or cells with appropriate pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers or diluents, and may be formulated into preparationsin solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous forms. Examples of suchformulations include, without limitation, tablets, capsules, powders,granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants,gels, microspheres, and aerosols. Pharmaceutical compositions caninclude, depending on the formulation desired,pharmaceutically-acceptable, non-toxic carriers of diluents, which arevehicles commonly used to formulate pharmaceutical compositions foranimal or human administration. The diluent is selected so as not toaffect the biological activity of the combination. Examples of suchdiluents include, without limitation, distilled water, buffered water,physiological saline, PBS, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, andHank's solution. A pharmaceutical composition or formulation of thepresent disclosure can further include other carriers, adjuvants, ornon-toxic, nontherapeutic, nonimmunogenic stabilizers, excipients andthe like. The compositions can also include additional substances toapproximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and bufferingagents, toxicity adjusting agents, wetting agents and detergents.

A pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure can also includeany of a variety of stabilizing agents, such as an antioxidant forexample. When the pharmaceutical composition includes a polypeptide, thepolypeptide can be complexed with various well-known compounds thatenhance the in vivo stability of the polypeptide, or otherwise enhanceits pharmacological properties (e.g., increase the half-life of thepolypeptide, reduce its toxicity, and enhance solubility or uptake).Examples of such modifications or complexing agents include, withoutlimitation, sulfate, gluconate, citrate and phosphate. The polypeptidesof a composition can also be complexed with molecules that enhance theirin vivo attributes. Such molecules include, without limitation,carbohydrates, polyamines, amino acids, other peptides, ions (e.g.,sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese), and lipids.

Further examples of formulations that are suitable for various types ofadministration can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, MacePublishing Company, Philadelphia, Pa., 17th ed. (1985). For a briefreview of methods for drug delivery, see, Langer, Science 249:1527-1533(1990).

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous andnon-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can containantioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render theformulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, andaqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspendingagents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives.

The components used to formulate the pharmaceutical compositions arepreferably of high purity and are substantially free of potentiallyharmful contaminants (e.g., at least National Food (NF) grade, generallyat least analytical grade, and more typically at least pharmaceuticalgrade). Moreover, compositions intended for in vivo use are usuallysterile. To the extent that a given compound must be synthesized priorto use, the resulting product is typically substantially free of anypotentially toxic agents, particularly any endotoxins, which may bepresent during the synthesis or purification process. Compositions forparental administration are also sterile, substantially isotonic andmade under GMP conditions.

Formulations may be optimized for retention and stabilization in thebrain or central nervous system. When the agent is administered into thecranial compartment, it is desirable for the agent to be retained in thecompartment, and not to diffuse or otherwise cross the blood brainbarrier. Stabilization techniques include cross-linking, multimerizing,or linking to groups such as polyethylene glycol, polyacrylamide,neutral protein carriers, etc. in order to achieve an increase inmolecular weight.

Other strategies for increasing retention include the entrapment of thepolynucleotides, vectors, or cells encoding chimeric receptors of thepresent disclosure, in a biodegradable or bioerodible implant. The rateof release of the therapeutically active agent is controlled by the rateof transport through the polymeric matrix, and the biodegradation of theimplant. The transport of agent through the polymer barrier will also beaffected by compound solubility, polymer hydrophilicity, extent ofpolymer cross-linking, expansion of the polymer upon water absorption soas to make the polymer barrier more permeable to the drug, geometry ofthe implant, and the like. The implants are of dimensions commensuratewith the size and shape of the region selected as the site ofimplantation. Implants may be particles, sheets, patches, plaques,fibers, microcapsules and the like and may be of any size or shapecompatible with the selected site of insertion.

The implants may be monolithic, i.e., having the active agenthomogenously distributed through the polymeric matrix, or encapsulated,where a reservoir of active agent is encapsulated by the polymericmatrix. The selection of the polymeric composition to be employed willvary with the site of administration, the desired period of treatment,patient tolerance, the nature of the disease to be treated and the like.Characteristics of the polymers will include biodegradability at thesite of implantation, compatibility with the agent of interest, ease ofencapsulation, a half-life in the physiological environment.

Biodegradable polymeric compositions that may be employed include,without limitation, organic esters or ethers, which when degraded resultin physiologically acceptable degradation products, including themonomers. Anhydrides, amides, orthoesters or the like, by themselves orin combination with other monomers, may find use. The polymers will becondensation polymers. The polymers may be cross-linked ornon-cross-linked. Of particular interest are polymers ofhydroxyaliphatic carboxylic acids, either homo- or copolymers, andpolysaccharides. Included among the polyesters of interest are polymersof D-lactic acid, L-lactic acid, racemic lactic acid, glycolic acid,polycaprolactone, and combinations thereof. By employing the L-lactateor D-lactate, a slowly biodegrading polymer is achieved, whiledegradation is substantially enhanced with the racemate. Copolymers ofglycolic and lactic acid are of particular interest, where the rate ofbiodegradation is controlled by the ratio of glycolic to lactic acid.The most rapidly degraded copolymer has roughly equal amounts ofglycolic and lactic acid, where either homopolymer is more resistant todegradation. The ratio of glycolic acid to lactic acid will also affectthe brittleness of in the implant, where a more flexible implant isdesirable for larger geometries. Among the polysaccharides of interestare calcium alginate, and functionalized celluloses, particularlycarboxymethylcellulose esters characterized by being water insoluble, amolecular weight of about 5 kD to 500 kD, etc. Biodegradable hydrogelsmay also be employed in the implants of the subject disclosures.Hydrogels are typically a copolymer material, characterized by theability to imbibe a liquid. Exemplary biodegradable hydrogels which maybe employed are described in Heller in: Hydrogels in Medicine andPharmacy, N. A. Peppes ed., Vol. III, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1987,pp 137-149.

Pharmaceutical Dosages

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure containingpolynucleotides, vectors, or cells encoding chimeric receptors of thepresent disclosure may be administered to an individual in need oftreatment, preferably a human, in accord with known methods, such asintravenous administration as a bolus or by continuous infusion over aperiod of time, by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerobrospinal,intracranial, intraspinal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intrasynovial,intrathecal, oral, topical, or inhalation routes.

Dosages and desired concentration of pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent disclosure may vary depending on the particular use envisioned.The determination of the appropriate dosage or route of administrationis well within the skill of an ordinary artisan. Animal experimentsprovide reliable guidance for the determination of effective doses forhuman therapy. Interspecies scaling of effective doses can be performedfollowing the principles described in Mordenti, J. and Chappell, W. “TheUse of Interspecies Scaling in Toxicokinetics,” In Toxicokinetics andNew Drug Development,

Yacobi et al., Eds, Pergamon Press, New York 1989, pp.42-46.

For in vivo administration of any of the polynucleotides, vectors, orcells encoding chimeric receptors of the present disclosure, normaldosage amounts may vary depending on an individual's body weight andupon the route of administration. For repeated administrations overseveral days or longer, depending on the severity of the disease,disorder, or condition to be treated, the treatment is sustained until adesired suppression of symptoms is achieved.

Different dosage regimens may be useful, depending on the pattern ofpharmacokinetic decay that the physician wishes to achieve. For example,dosing an individual from one to twenty-one times a week is contemplatedherein. In certain embodiments, dosing frequency is three times per day,twice per day, once per day, once every other day, once weekly, onceevery two weeks, once every four weeks, once every five weeks, onceevery six weeks, once every seven weeks, once every eight weeks, onceevery nine weeks, once every ten weeks, or once monthly, once every twomonths, once every three months, or longer. Progress of the therapy iseasily monitored by conventional techniques and assays. The dosingregimen, including the polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encodingchimeric receptors administered, can vary over time independently of thedose used.

Dosages for particular polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encodingchimeric receptors may be determined empirically in individuals who havebeen given one or more administrations of the polynucleotides, vectors,or cells encoding chimeric receptors. Individuals are given incrementaldoses of polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encoding chimeric receptors.To assess efficacy of polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encodingchimeric receptors, a clinical symptom of any of the diseases,disorders, or conditions of the present disclosure (e.g., cancer) can bemonitored.

Administration of polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encoding chimericreceptors of the present disclosure can be continuous or intermittent,depending, for example, on the recipient's physiological condition,whether the purpose of the administration is therapeutic orprophylactic, and other factors known to skilled practitioners. Theadministration of polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encoding chimericreceptors may be essentially continuous over a preselected period oftime or may be in a series of spaced doses.

Guidance regarding particular dosages and methods of delivery isprovided in the literature; see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,657,760;5,206,344; or 5,225,212. It is within the scope of the disclosures thatdifferent formulations will be effective for different treatments anddifferent disorders, and that administration intended to treat aspecific organ or tissue may necessitate delivery in a manner differentfrom that to another organ or tissue. Moreover, dosages may beadministered by one or more separate administrations, or by continuousinfusion. For repeated administrations over several days or longer,depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until a desiredsuppression of disease symptoms occurs. However, other dosage regimensmay be useful. The progress of this therapy is easily monitored byconventional techniques and assays.

Therapeutic Uses

The innate immune cells expressing a chimeric receptor of the presentdisclosure may be used in therapeutic treatment processes. Not to bebound by theory, cancer could be suppressed by introducing modifiedimmune cells that express a chimeric receptor and are programmed to beactivated appropriately and selectively only in the presence of cancerpathology. Immune cells may be modified to express a chimeric receptorin vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.

In some embodiments, a plurality of isolated immune cells expressingchimeric receptors is administered to a patient. In some embodiment theplurality of isolated immune cells is administered peripherally. In someembodiments, the plurality of isolated immune cells is administeredperipherally into the individual without irradiation.

In some embodiments, the isolated immune cells are autologous cells. Forexample, the innate immune cells may be obtained from a subject in needof treatment, modified to express a chimeric receptor of the presentdisclosure, and transferred back into the same individual. In someembodiments, the cells are from an allogeneic donor. For example, thecells may be obtained from a different individual, modified to express achimeric receptor, and transferred into a subject in need of treatment.In some embodiments, the allogeneic cells are modified to lack one ormore genes encoding one or more immune molecules that allow forrecognition by the adaptive immune system. For example, heterologouschimeric receptor-expressing cells, such as from unrelated individualsor relatives, can be modified so as to minimize potentialimmunogenicity. Exemplary immune recognition molecules include that canbe modified include, without limitation, HLA class I molecules and HLAclass II molecules.

In some embodiments, a source of cells is obtained from a subject priorto modification (e.g., delivery of a polynucleotide encoding a chimericreceptor). Cells can be obtained from a number of sources, includingperipheral blood mononuclear cells, bone marrow, lymph node tissue, cordblood, thymus tissue, tissue from a site of infection, ascites, pleuraleffusion, spleen tissue, and brain. In some embodiments, cells can beobtained from a unit of blood collected from a subject using any numberof techniques known to the skilled artisan, such as Ficoll™ separation.In one embodiment, cells from the circulating blood of an individual areobtained by apheresis. The apheresis product typically containslymphocytes, including T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, B cells, othernucleated white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. In oneaspect, the cells collected by apheresis may be washed to remove theplasma fraction and, optionally, to place the cells in an appropriatebuffer or media for subsequent processing steps.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure involved a method ofpreventing, reducing risk, or treating cancer in an individual. Forexample, the method may include obtaining a plurality of isolated immunecells, introducing a vector containing polynucleotides encoding achimeric receptor into the plurality of isolated immune cells, andadministering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount ofthe plurality of isolated immune cells containing the vector. In someembodiments, myeloid cells isolated from a patient may be transfectedwith a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor directed toward acancer-associated ligand and then returned to the patient so that thecellular response generated by such cells is triggered. In someembodiments, the vector contained in the plurality of isolated immunecells is expressed after administration of the plurality of immune cellsto the individual.

In some embodiments, a specific cell subpopulation can be selected priorto modification (e.g., delivery of a polynucleotide encoding a chimericreceptor). For example, cells can be immunolabeled by staining withantibodies for specific cell surface markers. The immunolabeled cellscan then be subjected to selection via positive or negative of specificsubpopulations. Techniques to select specific subpopulations include,without limitation, bead-based selection and fluorescence-activated cellsorting (FACS). For example, enrichment of a cell population by negativeselection can be accomplished, e.g., with a combination of antibodiesdirected to surface markers unique to the negatively selected cells.Cell sorting and/or selection via negative magnetic immunoadherence orflow cytometry may be subsequently used to achieve enrichment of thedesired cell population.

In some embodiments, administering the innate immune cells containing achimeric receptor or polynucleotides encoding said receptor induces oneor more activities, including without limitation, TREM1 or DAP12phosphorylation, activation of one or more kinases, modulated signalingpathways, modulated expression or one or more proteins, modulation ofone or more pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory mediators, modulatedexpression of C—C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), induction of microglialcell chemotaxis toward CCL19 and CCL21 expressing cells, maturation,function, or survival of dendritic cells, monocytes, microglia,macrophages, astrocytes, osteoclasts, Langerhans cells, or Kupffercells, modified osteoclast production or rate of osteoclastogenesis,induction of clearance or phagocytosis of disease-associated factors(e.g., protein, nucleic acids, or cells), increased expression of one ormore stimulatory molecules, activation of tumor cell killing, anti-tumorcell proliferation, or anti-tumor cell metastasis by one or more ofmicroglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-derived dendriticcells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof, decreasing tumor volumeor tumor growth rate, and increasing efficacy of one or moreimmune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor T cell responses.

In some embodiments, chimeric receptors of the present disclosure areused to treat or prevent cancer. In some embodiments, a cancer to beprevented or treated by the methods of the present disclosure includes,but is not limited to, squamous cell cancer (e.g., epithelial squamouscell cancer), lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-smallcell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma ofthe lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric orstomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer and gastrointestinalstromal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer,ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, cancer of the urinarytract, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectalcancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma,kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer,hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, melanoma,superficial spreading melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma, acrallentiginous melanomas, nodular melanomas, multiple myeloma and B-celllymphoma; chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); acute lymphoblasticleukemia (ALL); hairy cell leukemia; chronic myeloblastic leukemia; andpost-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), as well as abnormalvascular proliferation associated with phakomatoses, edema (such as thatassociated with brain tumors), Meigs' syndrome, brain, as well as headand neck cancer, and associated metastases. In some embodiments, thecancer is colorectal cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selectedfrom non-small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, renal cellcarcinoma, bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, breast carcinoma,gastric cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In some embodiments, thecancer is triple-negative breast carcinoma. In some embodiments, thecancer may be an early stage cancer or a late stage cancer. In someembodiments, the cancer may be a primary tumor. In some embodiments, thecancer may be a metastatic tumor at a second site derived from any ofthe above types of cancer.

In some embodiments, the cancer is a cancer associated with expressionof CD19. In some embodiments, the cancer associated with expression ofCD19 is a hematological cancer such as leukemia or lymphoma. In someembodiments, the cancer associated with expression of CD19 is one ormore acute leukemias, including without limitation, B-cell acuteLymphoid Leukemia (BALL), T-cell acute Lymphoid Leukemia (TALL), andacute lymphoid leukemia (ALL); or one or more chronic leukemias,including without limitation, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) andChronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL). Additional cancers or hematologicconditions associated with expression of CD19 include, withoutlimitation, B cell prolymphocytic leukemia, blastic plasmacytoiddendritic cell neoplasm, Burkitt's lymphoma, diffuse large B celllymphoma, Follicular lymphoma, Hairy cell leukemia, small cell- or alarge cell-follicular lymphoma, malignant lymphoproliferativeconditions, MALT lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), Marginal zonelymphoma, multiple myeloma, myelodysplasia and myelodysplasia syndrome,non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma,plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, and“preleukemia” which are a diverse collection of hematological conditionsunited by ineffective production (or dysplasia) of myeloid blood cells.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide methods of preventing,reducing risk, or treating cancer comprising administering to anindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of anisolated cell containing a chimeric receptor or polynucleotides encodingsuch chimeric receptors. For example, bladder cancer, brain cancer,breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidneycancer, renal cell cancer, renal pelvis cancer, leukemia, lung cancer,melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer,ovarian cancer, fibrosarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acutemyeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronicmyeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, essentialthrombocytosis, primary or idiopathic myelofibrosis, primary oridiopathic myelosclerosis, or myeloid-derived tumors, is treated byadministering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of aplurality of immune cells expressing the chimeric receptor.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that administeringa therapeutically effective amount of a plurality of isolated immunecells expressing a chimeric receptor of the present disclosure canprevent, reduce the risk, and/or treat cancer. In some embodiments,administering a therapeutically effective amount of the plurality ofisolated immune cells expressing the chimeric receptor may induce one ormore activities in an individual having cancer (e.g., myeloid cellactivation, proliferation, survival, phagocytosis, and/or functionalityagainst pathologies associated with cancer).

Additional Therapies

In some embodiments, the methods for preventing, reducing risk, ortreating an individual having cancer further include administering tothe individual at least one additional therapeutic agent.

In some embodiments, the method further includes administering to theindividual at least one antibody that specifically binds to aninhibitory checkpoint molecule, and/or another standard orinvestigational anti-cancer therapy. In some embodiments, the at leastone antibody that specifically binds to an inhibitory checkpointmolecule is administered in combination with innate immune cellsexpressing the chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, the at least oneantibody that specifically binds to an inhibitory checkpoint molecule isselected from an anti-PD-L1 antibody, an anti-CTLA4 antibody, ananti-PD-L2 antibody, an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-B7-H3 antibody, ananti-B7-H4 antibody, and anti-HVEM antibody, an anti- B- andT-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) antibody, an anti- Killer inhibitoryreceptor (KIR) antibody, an anti-GALS antibody, an anti-TIM3 antibody,an anti-AZAR antibody, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, ananti-phosphatidylserine antibody, an anti-CD27 antibody, an anti-TNF-αantibody, an anti-CD33 antibody, an anti-Siglec-5 antibody, ananti-Siglec-7 antibody, an anti-Siglec-9 antibody, an anti-Siglec-11antibody, an antagonistic anti-TREM1 antibody, an antagonisticanti-TREM2 antibody, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments,the standard or investigational anti-cancer therapy is one or moretherapies selected from radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, targetedtherapy, imatinib (Gleevec®) therapy, trastuzumab (Herceptin®) therapy,etanercept therapy, adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy, chimericantigen receptor T cell transfer (CAR-T), vaccine therapy, and cytokinetherapy.

In some embodiments, the method further includes administering to theindividual at least one antibody that specifically binds to aninhibitory cytokine. In some embodiments, the at least one antibody thatspecifically binds to an inhibitory cytokine is administered incombination with innate immune cells expressing the chimeric receptor.In some embodiments, the at least one antibody that specifically bindsto an inhibitory cytokine is selected from an anti-CCL2 antibody, ananti-CSF-1 antibody, an anti-IL-2 antibody, and any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method further includes administering to theindividual at least one agonistic antibody that specifically binds to astimulatory checkpoint protein. In some embodiments, the at least oneagonistic antibody that specifically binds to a stimulatory checkpointprotein is administered in combination with innate immune cellsexpressing the chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, the at least oneagonistic antibody that specifically binds to a stimulatory checkpointprotein is selected from an agonist anti-CD40 antibody, an agonistanti-O40 antibody, an agonist anti-ICOS antibody, an agonist anti-CD28antibody, an agonistic anti-TREM1 antibody, an agonistic anti-TREM2antibody, an agonist anti-CD137/4-1BB antibody, an agonist anti-CD27antibody, an agonist anti- glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related proteinGITR antibody, and any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method further includes administering to theindividual at least one stimulatory cytokine. In some embodiments, theat least one stimulatory cytokine is administered in combination withinnate immune cells expressing the chimeric receptor. In someembodiments, the at least one stimulatory cytokine is selected fromIFN-□4, IFN-□, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CRP, IL-20 family members, LIF,IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10,IL-33, MCP-1, MW-1-beta, and any combination thereof.

Kits/Articles of Manufacture

The present disclosure also provides kits containing polynucleotides,vectors, or cells encoding chimeric receptors. Kits of the presentdisclosure may include one or more containers comprisingpolynucleotides, vectors, or cells encoding chimeric receptors of thepresent disclosure. In some embodiments, the kits further includeinstructions for use in accordance with the methods of this disclosure.In some embodiments, these instructions comprise a description ofadministration of the polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encodingchimeric receptors of the present disclosure to prevent, reduce risk, ortreat an individual having cancer, according to any methods of thisdisclosure. The kit may further comprise a description of selecting anindividual suitable for treatment based on identifying whether thatindividual has the disease and the stage of the disease.

In some embodiments, the kits may further include an additionaltherapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the kits may further includeinstructions for using the additional therapeutic agent in combinationwith the polynucleotides, vectors, or cells encoding chimeric receptorsof the present disclosure, according to any methods of this disclosure.

The instructions generally include information as to dosage, dosingschedule, and route of administration for the intended treatment. Thecontainers may be unit doses, bulk packages (e.g., multi-dose packages)or sub-unit doses. Instructions supplied in the kits of the presentdisclosure are typically written instructions on a label or packageinsert (e.g., a paper sheet included in the kit), but machine-readableinstructions (e.g., instructions carried on a magnetic or opticalstorage disk) are also acceptable.

The label or package insert indicates that the composition is used fortreating, e.g., a disease of the present disclosure. Instructions may beprovided for practicing any of the methods described herein.

The kits of this disclosure are in suitable packaging. Suitablepackaging includes, but is not limited to, vials, bottles, jars,flexible packaging (e.g., sealed Mylar or plastic bags), and the like.Also contemplated are packages for use in combination with a specificdevice, such as an inhaler, nasal administration device (e.g., anatomizer) or an infusion device such as a minipump. A kit may have asterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenoussolution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermicinjection needle). The container may also have a sterile access port(e.g., the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial havinga stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). At least oneactive agent in the composition is a polynucleotide, vector, or cell aencoding chimeric receptor. The container may further comprise a secondpharmaceutically active agent.

Kits may optionally provide additional components such as buffers andinterpretive information. Normally, the kit comprises a container and alabel or package insert(s) on or associated with the container.

The present disclosure will be more fully understood by reference to thefollowing Examples. They should not, however, be construed as limitingthe scope of the present disclosure. All citations throughout thedisclosure are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Assembly, Production, Identification, andCharacterization of SMART Vectors Introduction

SMART chimeric receptors are composed minimally of a ligand-bindingdomain such as an scFv, a transmembrane domain, and one or moreintracellular signaling domains. The intracellular domain may be from anITAM protein domain such as those found in TCRzeta or DAP12.

The antigen binding domain may be composed of an scFv, which can bedesigned by connecting sequences from the heavy chain and light chain ofan antibody via a linker domain. An exemplary linker is shown in SEQ IDNO: 12. Another possible linker for use in the SMART chimeric receptorsdisclosed herein is the sequence GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 34), whichis exemplified in the scFv sequence displayed in SEQ ID NO: 13. Anexample of a complete scFv sequences is provided in SEQ ID NO: 13 (CD19scFv). To generate a SMART vector, these linkers must be preceded by asignal sequence to allow for membrane targeting. An exemplary signalsequence from the CD8 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11. A hinge domain maybe added downstream of the scFv, preceding the transmembrane domain,functioning as an additional linker. An exemplary hinge domain is shownin SEQ ID NO: 14 (from CD8), and can be followed by a transmembranedomain as shown in SEQ ID NO: 15 (from CD8).

Intracellular signaling domains are chosen for insertion into SMARTvectors depending on the desired chimeric receptor activity. Forexample, ITAM domain signaling promotes survival and can in somecontexts polarize towards an M2-type repair phenotype. An exemplary ITAMsignaling domain is the CD3Zeta intracellular domain (shown in SEQ IDNO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2), which contains 3 ITAM sequences and ispredicted to lead to strong signaling. SEQ ID NO: 17, which representsthe entire DAP12 molecule minus the signal sequence, is an example of avery short extracellular domain followed by a transmembrane domain andan ITAM domain.

Another exemplary intracellular signaling domain class is derived fromreceptor tyrosine kinase molecules. One such receptor tyrosine kinase isCSF1R, which can be included as an intracellular domain only (SEQ ID NO:5), together with the CSF1R transmembrane domain (SEQ ID NO: 4), or asthe transmembrane plus extracellular linker/hinge together with theintracellular domain (SEQ ID NO: 3). Such domains can also be derivedfrom other non-human species. Although the use of human derivedsequences minimizes antigenicity in humans, sequences derived fromnon-human species can be used when performing testing in animal models.For example, mouse CSF1R intracellular (SEQ ID NO: 7) and transmembranedomains (SEQ ID NO: 6) can be used.

Signaling domains, such as TLR signaling intracellular domains (SEQ IDNO: 9), may also be used to polarize towards a pro-inflammatory M1-likephenotype. These signaling domains may be used alone, or may be placedownstream of a transmemrane domain (SEQ ID NO: 8) and an extracellularlinker. Another domain which may lead to pro-inflammatory and survivalsignaling in myeloid cells is the intracellular domain derived from CD28(SEQ ID NO: 10). This domain may lead to NFKappaB, Syk, and PI3Ksignaling induction. Similarly, the 4-1BB intracellular domain (SEQ IDNO: 16), when expressed within SMART vectors in myeloid cells, may leadto pro-inflammaotry poloarization via induction of NFKappaB andbeta-catenin signaling.

Several SMART constructs are described herein, with each utilizing adifferent combination of antigen binding, linker, transmembrane, and/orintracellular signaling domains. The SMART constructs can be usedindividually or multiple vectors can be used in any combination. Thevectors can be introduced into the same cells or can be introduced intoa mixed population of cells that express one or the other vectorseparately. SMART vectors that may polarize myeloid cells towards apro-inflammatory state, for use in conditions such as cancer, have alsobeen designed.

SMART1 is composed of the elements CD8 SS»anti-CD19SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»4-1BB intracellular»CD3ITAM. The SMART1 construct may targettumors expressing the CD19 marker. The sequences for SMART1 are providedin SEQ ID NO: 20 (amino acid) and SEQ ID NO: 27 (polynucleotide), andthe vectors are shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Combined 4-1BB signaling andCD3Z through this receptor may lead to NFKappaB and ITAM pro-survivalsignaling and pro-inflammatory polarization of myeloid cells.

SMART11 is composed of the elements CD8 SS»anti-CD19SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»CD28»CD3Z ITAM. SMART13 may lead to CD28 and ITAM mediatedsurvival and signaling and NFKB-mediated pro-inflammatory M1polarization in the context of the CD19 tumor antigen. The sequences forSMART11 are provided in SEQ ID NO: 21 (amino acid) and SEQ ID NO: 28(polynucleotide), and the vectors are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Thisconstruct may allow a selective and local activation of myeloid cellactivity in the context of tumor antigens, leading to pro-inflammatoryactivation of myeloid cells and CTL activation against tumors.

SMART12 is composed of the elements CD8 SS»anti-CD19SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»TLR5 intracellular domain. SMART12 may lead to activation ofsurvival and signaling via NFKB-mediated pro-inflammatory MIpolarization in the context of the CD19 turner antigen. This signalingmay subsequently lead to production of TNFa and other pro-inflammatorymediators of CTL activation and to inhibition of suppressive signalingfrom myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The sequences for SMART12are provided in SEQ ID NO: 22 (amino acid) and SEQ ID NO: 29(polynucleotide), and the vectors are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. Thisconstruct may allow a selective and local activation of myeloid cellactivity in the context of tumor antigens, leading to pro-inflammatoryactivation of myeloid cells and CTL activation against tumors,

SMART13 is composed of the elements CD8 SS»anti-CD19SCfV»TLR5 hinge andtransmembrane»TLR5 intracellular domain. SMART13 may lead to activationof survival and signaling via NFKB-mediated pro-inflammatory M1polarization in the context of the CD19 tumor antigen. The sequences forSMART13 are provided in SEQ ID NO: 23 (amino acid) and SEQ ID NO: 30(polynucleotide), and the vectors are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. Thisconstruct may allow a selective and local activation of myeloid cellactivity in the context of tumor antigens, leading to pro-inflammatoryactivation of myeloid cells and CTL activation against tumors. Comparedto SMART12, SMART13 has a more native TLR5 structure and thus maydisplay a more typical TLR5 signaling profile in the context of tumorantigen. This signaling may subsequently lead to production of TNFa andother pro-inflammatory mediators of CTL activation and to inhibition ofsuppressive signaling from myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC).

SMART14 is composed of the elements CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»CD28 intracellular domain»ThR5 intracellular domain. SMART14Wray lead to activation of survival and signaling via NFKB-mediatedpro-inflammatory M1 polarization in the context of the CD19 tumorantigen, and additional survival and inflammatory signaling can occurthrough CD28. The sequences for SMARTI4 are provided in SEQ ID NO: 24(amino acid) and SEQ ID NO: 31 (polynucleotide), and the vectors areshown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. This construct may allow a selective nd localactivation of myeloid cell activity the context of tumor antigens,leading to pro-inflammatory activation of myeloid cells and CTLactivation against tumors.

SMART15 is composed of the elements CD8 SS»anti-CD19SCfV»CD8Hinge»CD8TM»4-1BB»TLRS intracellular domain. SMARTIE may lead toactivation of survival and signaling via NFKB-mediated pro-inflammatoryMI polarization in the context of the CD19 tumor antigen. This signalingmay subsequently lead to production of TNFa and other pro-inflammatorymediators of CTL activation and to inhibition of suppressive signalingfrom myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Additional 4-1BB signalingmay co-activate and lead to improved survival and pro-inflammatoryproliferative signals. The sequences for SMART15 are provided in SEQ IDNO: 25 (amino acid) and SEQ ID NO: 32 (polynucleotide), and the vectorsare shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B. This construct may allow a selective andlocal activation of myeloid cell activity in the context of tumorantigens, leading to pro-inflammatory activation of myeloid cells andCTL activation against tumors.

SMARTI6 is composed of the elements CD8 SS»anti-CD19 SCfV »TLR5 hingeand transmembrane»TLRS intracellular>>CD3zeta intracellular domain.SMART16 may lead to activation of survival and signaling throughNFKB-mediated pro-inflammatory MI polarization in the context of theCD19 tumor antigen. This signaling may subsequently lead to productionof TNFa and other pro-inflammatory mediators of CTL activation and toinhibition of suppressive signaling from myeloid derived suppressorcells (MDSC). Additional CD3Z-mediated signals may co-activate and leadto improved survival through the ITAM domain. The sequences for SMARTIEare provided in SEQ ID NO: 26 (amino acid) and SEQ ID NO: 33(polynucleotide), and the vectors are shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. Thisconstruct may allow a selective and local activation of myeloid cellactivity in the context of tumor antigens, leading to pro-inflammatoryactivation of myeloid cells and CTL activation against tumors.

Example 2: Transduction of SMART Vectors into Myeloid Cells In Vitro

SMART vectors can be transduced into primary human myeloid cells oranimal model myeloid cells by transfection or transduction using a viralvector such as a lentivirus vector. To determine whether the SMARTvectors described in Example 1 can be expressed as intact chimericproteins, myeloid cells are transfected with individual SMART plasmidvectors. Linearized plasmid vectors are electroporated under optimizedconditions and stable transfectants are selected by addition of G418,hygromycin, or another selectable marker to cell cultures, asappropriate for the vector used.

Western blot or FACS analyses of myeloid cells with antibodies directedagainst the different chimeric receptor domains are used to confirmexpression of the chimeric receptors in the cells. Whole cell lysatesfrom mock transfectants (cells containing the vector without a SMARTinsert) and from myeloid cells transfected with SMART vectors arecompared. For example, Western blot of whole cell lysates from cellstransfected with a SMART vector that includes the CD3zeta domain with ananti-CD3zeta antibody probe can show expression of the intact chimericreceptor protein in cells transfected with the chimeric receptor but notin the mock transfectants. Flow cytometric analysis with anti-human Fabspecific antibodies can further confirm the cell-surface expression ofthe SMART chimeric receptors on cell transfectants. Similarly, SMARTvectors are inserted into lentiviral vectors which can then be producedand used to transduce the SMART construct into myeloid cells.

Example 3: Transduction of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells (BMDC)with SMART Receptors

Lentiviral mediated transduction of myeloid cells with vectors encodingSMART1 and SMART 11-16 chimeric receptors is performed. Monocytes areisolated from buffy coats of healthy donors following Lymphoprepgradient centrifugation and positive or negative magnetic antibodyseparation kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Leiden, Netherlands). Purity isassessed by flow cytometry of anti-CD14-PE stained cells. Isolated cellsare cultured in 24-well plates at 250,000 cells/well in 0.5 mL of RPMImedium (RPMI 1640, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) supplementedwith 2 mM L-glutamine (Life Technologies), 2.5% (vol/vol) heatinactivated fetal calf serum (FCS, Hyclone Perbio, Thermo Scientific,Rockford, Ill.), 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin (LifeTechnologies), IL-4 at 500 IU/mL, and GM-CSF at 1,000 IU/mL (Gentaur,Kampenhout, Belgium) at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5%(vol/vol) CO₂. To assess the impact of fetal calf serum on MDDCtransduction efficiency, sera from Biochrom (Merc Milipore, Overij se,Belgium), Bovogen Biologicals (East Keilor, Australia), Lonza (Verviers,Belgium) and PAA (GE Healthcare, Diegem, Belgium) are also used. Toensure standardized transduction, lentiviral supernatants are titrated.Six days post-transduction the cells are plated in a 96-well plate at50,000 cells/well and infected (50 ng p24) by spinoculation (90 mM, 950g, 32° C.), with continuous spinning in a centrifuge, in presence of 1μM ritonavir (NIH AIDS Reagent Program, Germantown, Md.) in a finalvolume of 200 μL. On day 1 post-infection, medium is refreshed.Infection is measured on day 3 by flow cytometry, gaiting on live cellsas determined by propidium iodide staining (Miltenyi Biotec).

Viral reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, quantitative real-time qPCRfor viral DNA of long terminal repeat sequences, or ELISA of p24 viralprotein are performed using standard techniques. Supernatant oflentiviral vector encoding a scrambled sequence or an eGFP marker geneshowed an MOI of 10 when measured on 293T cells and provided over 95%MDDC transduction efficiency. This lentiviral supernatant expressed RTactivity of 5,550 mU/ml (equivalent of 1 μg of p24/ml as assessed byELISA) in previous studies. Aliquots of this supernatant are included inall subsequent reverse transcriptase activity assays to serve as astandard reference for viral production.

Monocytes are obtained by positive magnetic bead-based selection ofCD14+ cells. On day 1 post-monocyte isolation, medium is replaced withfresh medium containing 50% lentiviral supernatant. RT activity of2,750-5,550 mU/ml is used. Cells are subsequently spinoculated (90 min,950 g, 32° C.) in the presence of polybrene (4 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich,Diegem, Belgium). Medium is refreshed 24 h post-transduction and cellsare cultured in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF until day 6. In someexperiments, maturation is induced with LPS (100 ng/mL; Sigma-Aldrich).From day 6 post-transduction onwards, cells are cultured in 10% FCS(vol/vol) RPMI medium supplemented with glutamine, penicillin andstreptomycin.

SMART vector sequences are inserted into a pLK0.1 based vectorsexpression cassette under the direction of an appropriate promoterelement. Transfection of vectors into 293T cells is performed usingstandard approaches. Viral production is achieved using standard secondor third-generation lentiviral transduction vector packaging productionkits, such as Virapower (Life Technologies/Fisher Scientific) using themanufacturer's instructions. The titer of the viral supernatants ismeasured by quantification of reverse transcriptase activity via realtime-PCR and expressed as equivalent p24 as described above.

Although lentiviral vectors can be inhibited in human myeloid cells,Witkowski et al. (Witkowski, Vermeire et al., PLoS One, e0133651,2015)optimized the transduction of MDDCs by investigating the effect ofa range of parameters, including additives such as polybrene,spinoculation, and experimental timeline. This optimized protocol issubsequently used in the experiments described herein. Transduction isperformed by spinoculation as described above in the presence ofpolybrene, which can facilitate virus-cell binding and entry. To measuretransduction efficiency, a pLKO.1-derived lentiviral vector encoding aneGFP marker gene is used. Transduction efficiency, as well as the MDDCphenotype, is evaluated five days post-transduction.

Example 4: Normalization and Reduction of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)Responses in Dendritic Cells Expressing SMART Receptors in the Presenceof Ligand

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC), expressing control vector orSMART encoding vectors, are introduced by viral transduction or byelectroporation. BMDCs are subsequently stimulated by culturing with TLRligands, such as LPS, CpG DNA, and zymosan, for 16 h. Conditioned mediais collected and ELISA assays are performed in order to evaluatesecretion of the cytokines IFN-a, IFN-b, IL-6, IL-12 p70, and TNF. BMDCcells expressing pro-repair SMART vectors, that signal through RTK orITAM domain receptors, may secrete significantly more IL-12, p70, andTNF upon simulation with multimerized ligand than control BMDC cells. Itis further believed that the presence of ligands of pro-repair SMARTreceptors will reduce the expression levels of IL-12, p70, and TNF.

hi contrast, cells expressing pro-inflammatory SMART receptors, such asSMART1 or SMART11-16, which signal through TLR5, CD28, 4-1BB, or CD3Zetadomains, can induce a proinflammatory polarization in the presence of amutimer ligand (e.g., ligand on the surface of CD19-expressing B celllineage tumor cells). BMDC cells expressing pro-inflammatory SMARTvectors, such as the SMART1 or SMART 11-SMART16, may secretesignificantly more IL-12, p70, and TNF in the presence of a multimerizedligand (e.g., ligand on the surface of CD19-expressing B cell lineagetumor cells) than in the absence of such a ligand. The presence ofpro-inflammatory SMART receptor ligands may also induce the expressionof IL-12, p70, and TNF.

Example 5: Ability of Pro-Repair SMART Receptor-Expressing BMDC toMediate Normalization and Reduction of Antigen-Specific T-CellProliferation in the Presence of Ligand

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) that express pro-repair SMARTvectors may, in the presence of multimeric ligand, inhibitantigen-specific T-cell proliferation. For example, the Ovalbumin(OVA)-specific T-cell response induced by BMDCs can be determined byCFSE dilution. BMDCs are isolated by MACS after 6 days of culture andplated at 1×10⁴ cells per well in a round bottom 96 well plate with OVA(2 or 0.5 mg/mL) and CpG DNA (100 or 25 nM) in the presence of GM-CSF(10 ng/mL) for 4 h. CD4 T-cells from the spleen and lymph nodes of OT-IItransgenic mice are isolated using the Dynal Mouse CD4 NegativeIsolation Kit (Invitrogen) and stained with CFSE (final 0.8 mM). After 4h of DC culture, 1×10⁵ CFSE-labeled CD4 OT-II T-cells are added intoeach well and incubated for 72 h. After culturing, cells are stainedwith an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry is performed todetect CFSE dilution of gated CD4 OT-II T-cells. Data analysis tocalculate the percentage of divided and division index is performed byFlowjo software (Treestar) (Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 176-185). Thepresence of ligand can suppress T cell proliferation relative to theabsence of the multimerized ligand. Cytokine concentrations in theculture supernatants are determined using mouse IFN-a4, IFN-b, IL-6,IL-12 p70, TNF, and IL-10 ELISA kits (eBioscience) and VeriKine MouseIFN-b ELISA kit (PBL interferon source) according to the manufacturer'sprotocol. Levels of mRNA for these cytokines are also measured byQuantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Total RNA prepared using the RNeasy plusmini kit (QIAGEN) is reverse-transcribed with Superscript III ReverseTranscriptase (Invitrogen) using oligo dT primer according to themanufacturer's protocol. Quantitative PCR is performed using the PowerSYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) and 7900HT (AppliedBiosystems) according to the manufacturer's protocol. The sequences ofIFN-a4, IFN-b, IL-6, IL-12 p70, and TNF primers are describedpreviously. (e.g., Hamerman, J A, Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 176-185).

Example 6: BMDC Mediated Induction of Antigen-Specific T-CellProliferation when Expressing Pro-Inflammatory SMART Receptors in thePresence of Ligand

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) that express pro-inflammatorySMART vectors may, in the presence of multimeric ligand, induceantigen-specific T-cell proliferation. For example, the Ovalbumin(OVA)-specific T-cell response induced by BMDCs can be determined byCFSE dilution. BMDCs are isolated by MACS after 6 days of culture andplated at 1×10⁴ cells per well in a round bottom 96 well plate with OVA(2 or 0.5 mg/mL) and CpG DNA (100 or 25 nM) in the presence of GM-CSF(10 ng/mL) for 4 h. CD4 T-cells from the spleen and lymph nodes of OT-IItransgenic mice are isolated using the Dynal Mouse CD4 NegativeIsolation Kit (Invitrogen) and stained with CFSE (final 0.8 mM). After 4h of DC culture, 1×10⁵ CFSE-labeled CD4 OT-II T-cells are added intoeach well and incubated for 72 h. After culturing, cells are stainedwith an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry is performed todetect CFSE dilution of gated CD4 OT-II T-cells. Data analysis tocalculate the percentage of divided and division index is performed byFlowjo software (Treestar) (Eur. J. Immunol. 2012. 42: 176-185).

Ligand for SMART expressing myeloid cells may be presented on tumorcells or artificial antigen expressing cells; alternatively themultimerized ligand or epitopes may be presented free of cells. Forexample, for cell-bound ligand, human CD19 and CD80 expressingfibroblasts such as 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells (Latouche and Sadelain, NatBiotechnol, 405-409, 2000, Brentjens, Riviere et al., Blood, 4817-4828,2011), or tumor cells expressing CD19 ligand, can be irradiated at 30Gy. SMART-expressing BMDCs are isolated by MACS (Miltenyi Biotec) andplated on the 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells, other artificial CD19 expressingcells, or on CD19 expressing tumor cells. After 24, 48, or 72 hrs,conditioned media is collected and ELISA assays are performed toevaluate secretion of the cytokines IFN-a, IFN-b, IL-6, IL-12 p70, andTNF. BMDC cells expressing pro-repair SMART vectors that signal throughRTK or ITAM domain receptors may secrete significantly more IL-12, p70,and TNF upon simulation with multimerized ligand than control BMDCcells. The presence of ligands of pro-repair SMART receptors may reducethe expression levels of IL-12, p70, and TNF.

Cytokine concentrations in the culture supernatants are determined usingmouse IFN-a4, IFN-b, IL-6, IL-12 p70, TNF, and IL-10 ELISA kits(eBioscience) and VeriKine Mouse IFN-b ELISA kit (PBL interferon source)according to the manufacturer's protocol. Levels of mRNA for thesecytokines are also measured by Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Total RNAprepared using the RNeasy plus mini kit (QIAGEN) is reverse-transcribedwith Superscript III Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) using oligo dTprimer according to the manufacturer's protocol. Quantitative PCR isperformed using the Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems)and 7900HT (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer'sprotocol. The sequences of IFN-a4, IFN-b, IL-6, IL-12 p70, and TNFprimers are described previously. (e.g., Hamerman, JA, Eur. J. Immunol.2012. 42: 176-185). In the presence of multimerized ligand for theseSMART receptors (e.g., ligand on the surface of CD19-expressing B celllineage tumor cells), T cell proliferation may be induced.

Example 7: Normalization and Reduction of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)Responses in Macrophages by Pro-Repair SMART Vectors in the Presence ofLigand

Signaling through SMART receptors (e.g., through local activation ofITAM or RTK or other such signaling pathways) in the context ofmultimerized or aggregated ligand, or a high local ligand concentration,may reduce and normalize TLR responses in macrophages.

To elicit primary macrophages, mice are treated with 1.5 ml of 2%thioglycollate medium by intraperitoneal injection, and cells are thenisolated by peritoneal lavage. To generate BMDM, total bone marrow iscultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine calf serum, 5% horseserum, and 6 ng/ml recombinant human CSF-1 (R&D Systems). Cells arecultured for 5-6 days, and adherent cells are detached with lm MEDTA inPBS. Cells are stained with commercially available antibodies:anti-CD11b, anti-CD40, anti- GR1 (BD Pharmingen), and F4/80 (CaltagLaboratories).

Ligand for SMART expressing myeloid cells may be presented on tumorcells or artificial antigen expressing cells; alternatively themultimerized ligand or epitopes may be presented free of cells. Forexample, for cell-bound ligand, human CD19 and CD80 expressingfibroblasts such as 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells (Latouche and Sadelain, NatBiotechnol, 405-409, 2000, Brentjens, Riviere et al., Blood, 4817-4828,2011), or tumor cells expressing CD19 ligand, can be irradiated at 30Gy. SMART-expressing BMDMs are isolated by MACS (Miltenyi Biotec) andplated on the 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells, other artificial CD19 expressingcells, or on CD19 expressing tumor cells. After 24, 48, or 72 hrs,conditioned media is collected and ELISA assays are performed toevaluate secretion of the cytokines IFN-a, IFN-b, IL-6, IL-12 p70, andTNF. BMDM cells expressing pro-repair SMART vectors that signal throughRTK or ITAM domain receptors may secrete significantly more IL-12, p70,and TNF upon simulation with multimerized ligand than control BMDMcells. The presence of ligands of pro-repair SMART receptors may reducethe expression levels of IL-12, p70, and TNF.

Example 8: Induction of the Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-10 in BoneMarrow-Derived Myeloid Precursor Cells by Pro-Repair SMART Vectors inthe Presence of Ligand

Bone marrow-derived myeloid precursor cells expressing pro-repair SMARTreceptors may show an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10in the context of multimerized or aggregated ligand forms, a high localconcentration of ligand, stimulation with 100 ng/ml LPS (Sigma), andco-culturing with apoptotic cells.

Isolation of bone marrow-derived myeloid precursor cells is performed asfollows. Bone marrow cells are isolated from adult 6-8 week-old femaleC57BL/6 mice (Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany) from the medullarycavities of the tibia and femur of the hind limbs. Removal oferythrocytes is performed by lysis with a hypotonic solution. Cells arecultured in DMEM medium (Invitrogen) containing 10% fetal calf serum(Pan Biotech) and 10 ng/ml of GM-CSF (R&D Systems) in 75 cm² cultureflasks (Greiner Bio-One). After 24 h, non-adherent cells are collectedand re-seeded in fresh 75 cm² culture flasks. Medium is changed after 5d and cells are cultured for an additional 10-11 d. The remaining cellsare bone marrow-derived myeloid precursor cells, and are transduced withSMART vectors such as SMART1 or SMART11-15. The transduced cells arethen examined for the level of IL-10 in conditioned media in both thepresence and absence of receptor ligand (e.g., ligand on the surface ofCD19-expressing B cell lineage tumor cells), LPS, or apoptotic cells.

Ligand for SMART expressing myeloid cells may be presented on tumorcells or artificial antigen expressing cells; alternatively themultimerized ligand or epitopes may be presented free of cells. Forexample, for cell-bound ligand, human CD19 and CD80 expressingfibroblasts such as 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells (Latouche and Sadelain, NatBiotechnol, 405-409, 2000, Brentjens, Riviere et al., Blood, 4817-4828,2011), or tumor cells expressing CD19 ligand, can be irradiated at 30Gy. SMART-expressing bone marrow-derived myeloid precursor cells areisolated by MACS (Miltenyi Biotec) and plated on the 3T3-CD19-CD80cells, other artificial CD19 expressing cells, or on CD19 expressingtumor cells.

Supernatant is collected after 24 h, and the level of IL-10 releasedfrom the cells is determined by IL-10 ELISA according to manufacturer'sinstructions (QuantikineM mouse IL-10, R&D Systems) (JEM (2005), 201;647-657; and PLoS Medicine (2004), 4 |Issue 4|e124).

Example 9: Increased Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Responses in MacrophagesExpressing Pro-Inflammatory SMART Vectors in the Presence of Ligand

Signaling through pro-inflammatory SMART receptors (e.g., through localactivation of TLRS, 1-4BB, CD28, or CD3Zeta) in the context ofmultimerized or aggregated ligand or high local ligand concentration,may locally enhance TLR responses in macrophages or mimic such responsesin the absence of TLR ligands.

To elicit primary macrophages, mice are treated with 1.5 ml of 2%thioglycollate medium by intraperitoneal injection, and cells are thenisolated by peritoneal lavage. To generate BMDM, total bone marrow iscultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% bovine calf serum, 5% horseserum, and 6 ng/ml recombinant human CSF-1 (R&D Systems). Cells arecultured for 5-6 days, and adherent cells are detached with 1mM EDTA inPBS. Cells are stained with commercially available antibodies, includinganti-CD11b, anti-CD40, anti- GR1 (BD Pharmingen), and F4/80 (CaltagLaboratories).

BMDM are re-plated and allowed to adhere for 4 h at 37° C., and then TLRagonists, such as LPS (Salmonella abortus equi), zymosan (Saccharomycescerevisiae), and CpG 1826 DNA (purchased from e.g., Sigma-Aldrich) areadded.

Ligand for SMART expressing myeloid cells may be presented on tumorcells or artificial antigen expressing cells; alternatively themultimerized ligand or epitopes may be presented free of cells. Forexample, for cell-bound ligand, human CD19 and CD80 expressingfibroblasts such as 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells (Latouche and Sadelain, NatBiotechnol, 405-409, 2000, Brentjens, Riviere et al., Blood, 4817-4828,2011), or tumor cells expressing CD19 ligand, can be irradiated at 30Gy. SMART-expressing BMDMs are isolated by MACS (Miltenyi Biotec) andplated on the 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells, other artificial CD19 expressingcells, or on CD19 expressing tumor cells.

Cell culture supernatant is collected 24 h after stimulation and thelevels of IFN-a4, IFN-b, IL-6, IL-12 p70, and TNF cytokines are measuredby ELISA or by cytometric bead array (BD Biosciences mouse inflammationkit).

Example 10: Inhibited Expression of Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-10 inBone Marrow-Derived Myeloid Precursor Cells Expressing Pro-InflammatorySMART Vectors in the Presence of Ligand

Bone marrow-derived myeloid precursor cells expressing pro-inflammatorySMART receptors may show a decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokineIL-10 in the context of multimerized or aggregated ligand, high localligand concentration, stimulation with 100 ng/ml LPS (Sigma), andco-culturing with apoptotic cells.

Isolation of bone marrow-derived myeloid precursor cells is performed asfollows. Bone marrow cells are isolated from adult 6-8 week-old femaleC57BL/6 mice (Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany) from the medullarycavities of the tibia and femur of the hind limbs. Removal oferythrocytes is performed by lysis with a hypotonic solution. Cells arecultured in DMEM medium (Invitrogen) containing 10% fetal calf serum(Pan Biotech) and 10 ng/ml of GM-CSF (R&D Systems) in 75 cm² cultureflasks (Greiner Bio-One). After 24 h, non-adherent cells are collectedand re-seeded in fresh 75 cm² culture flasks. Medium is changed after 5d and cells are cultured for an additional 10-11 d. The remaining cellsare bone marrow-derived myeloid precursor cells, and are transduced withSMART pro-inflammatory receptors. The transduced cells are then examinedfor the level of IL-10 in conditioned media in both the presence andabsence of an appropriate SMART receptor ligand, present at anappropriate concentration or ratio to the myeloid cells as determined bytitration. Supernatant is collected after 24 h, and the level of IL-10released from the cells is determined by IL-10 ELISA according to themanufacturer's instructions (QuantikineM mouse IL-10, R&D Systems) (JEM(2005), 201; 647-657; and PLoS Medicine (2004), 4|Issue 4|e124).

Example 11: SMART Ligand-Mediated Induction of the Expression of CD83and CD86 on Human Dendritic Cells (DCs) Expressing Pro-Repair SMARTReceptors

The ability of pro-repair SMART receptors to inducibly modify expressionof CD83 and CD86 is evaluated.

SMART vector transduced myeloid cells are generated as described above.On day 5 of monocyte differentiation to dendritic cells, immature humanDCs are harvested and plated at 1 million cells per well and incubatedat 37C, 5% CO₂ in the absence of cytokine. FACS analysis of CD86, CD83,CD11c, HLA-DR, and LIN (BD Biosciences) is performed on a BD FACS Canto48 hours later. Data analysis is performed with FlowJo (TreeStar)software version 10.0.7. Levels of CD83 and CD86 are evaluated onCD11c+HLA-DR+LIN- cell populations.

Alternatively, Day 5 immature human dendritic cells are plated at100,000 cells per well in a U-bottom non-TC treated 96 well plate inmedia without cytokine, with or without LPS-removed anti-human secondaryantibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch) at 20 ug/ml. FACS analysis for CD86,CD83, CD11c, HLA-DR, and LIN (BD Biosciences) is performed 48hrs postantibody addition.

Ligand for SMART expressing myeloid cells may be presented on tumorcells or artificial antigen expressing cells; alternatively themultimerized ligand or epitopes may be presented free of cells. Forexample, for cell-bound ligand, human CD19 and CD80 expressingfibroblasts such as 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells (Latouche and Sadelain, NatBiotechnol, 405-409, 2000, Brentjens, Riviere et al., Blood, 4817-4828,2011), or tumor cells expressing CD19 ligand, can be irradiated at 30Gy. SMART-expressing human dendritic cells are isolated by MACS(Miltenyi Biotec) and plated on the 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells, otherartificial CD19 expressing cells, or on CD19 expressing tumor cells.

The presence of multimerized or aggregated forms of SMART receptorligand may increase the frequency of CD83+CD86+DCs compared to theabsence of such ligand.

Example 12: SMART Receptor Ligand-Mediated Induction of SykPhosphorylation in SMART Transduced Myeloid Cells

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an intracellular signaling molecule thatfunctions downstream of DAP12, CD3Zeta, and other ITAM signaling modulesby phosphorylating several substrates, thereby facilitating theformation of a signaling complex leading to cellular activation andinflammatory processes. The ability of SMART receptor ligands to induceSyk activation in SMART transduced myeloid cells is determined byculturing transduced human or mouse macrophages or primary humandendritic cells and measuring the phosphorylation state of Syk proteinin cell extracts.

Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) or primary human dendritic cellsare starved for 4 hours in 1% serum RPMI, removed from tissue culturedishes with PBS-EDTA, washed with PBS, and counted.

Next, Lentiviral mediated transduction of the cells with vectorsencoding SMART1, SMART11, SMART12, SMART13, SMART14, SMART15, SMART16,or other chimeric receptors is performed. Monocytes are isolated frombuffy coats of healthy donors following Lymphoprep gradientcentrifugation and positive or negative magnetic antibody separation(Miltenyi Biotec, Leiden, Netherlands). Purity is assessed by flowcytometry of anti-CD14-PE stained cells. Isolated cells are cultured.Cells are matured to the appropriate phenotype. To ensure standardizedtransduction, lentiviral supernatants are titrated. Cells are plated ina 96-well plate at 50,000 cells/well and infected (50 ng p24) byspinoculation (90 min, 950 g, 32° C.), with continuous spinning in acentrifuge, in presence of 1 μM ritonavir (NIH AIDS Reagent Program,Germantown, Md.) in a final volume of 200 μL. On day 1 post-infection,medium is refreshed. Infection is measured on day 3 by flow cytometry,gaiting on live cells as determined by propidium iodide staining(Miltenyi Biotec).

Viral reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, quantitative real-time qPCRfor viral DNA of long terminal repeat sequences, or ELISA of p24 viralprotein are performed using standard techniques. Supernatant oflentiviral vector encoding a scrambled sequence or an eGFP marker geneshowed an MOI of 10 when measured on 293T cells and provided over 95%transduction efficiency. This lentiviral supernatant expressed RTactivity of 5,550 mU/ml (equivalent of 1 μg of p24/ml as assessed byELISA) in previous studies. Aliquots of this supernatant are included inall subsequent reverse transcriptase activity assays to serve as astandard reference for viral production.

On day 1 post isolation, medium is replaced with fresh medium containing50% lentiviral supernatant. RT activity of 2,750-5,550 mU/ml is used.Cells are subsequently spinoculated (90 min, 950 g, 32° C.) in thepresence of polybrene (4 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich, Diegem, Belgium). Mediumis refreshed 24 h post-transduction and cells are cultured usingstandard methods.

To generate virus, transfection of vectors into 293T cells is performedusing standard approaches. Viral production is achieved using standardsecond or third-generation lentiviral transduction vector packagingproduction kits, such as Virapower (Life Technologies/Fisher Scientific)using the manufacturer's instructions. The titer of the viralsupernatants is measured by quantification of reverse transcriptaseactivity via real time-PCR and expressed as equivalent p24.

Although lentiviral vectors can be inhibited in human myeloid cells,Witkowski et al. (Witkowski, Vermeire et al., PLoS One, e0133651, 2015)optimized the transduction of myeloid cells by investigating the effectof a range of parameters, including additives such as polybrene,spinoculation, and experimental timeline. This optimized protocol issubsequently used in the experiments described herein. Transduction isperformed by spinoculation as described above in the presence ofpolybrene, which can facilitate virus-cell binding and entry. To measuretransduction efficiency, a pLKO.1-derived lentiviral vector encoding aneGFP marker gene is used. Transduction efficiency, as well as themacrophage phenotype, is evaluated five days post-transduction.

The cells are then treated on ice with ligand aggregates, ligandmultimers, or placed into wells that have been coated with plate-boundligand. After washing with cold PBS, cells are lysed with lysis buffer(1% v/v NP-40%, 50 Mm Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1.5 mMMgC12, 10% glycerol, plus protease and phosphatase inhibitors) followedby centrifugation at 16,000 g for 10 min at 4° C. to remove insolublematerials. Lysates are then immunoprecipitated with anti-Syk Ab (N-19for BMDM or 4D10 for human DCs, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Precipitatedproteins are fractionated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to PVDF membranes,and probed with anti-phosphotyrosine Ab (4G10, Millipore). To confirmthat all substrates are adequately immunoprecipitated, immunoblots arereprobed with anti-Syk Ab (Abcam, for BMDM or Novus Biological, forhuman DCs). Visualization is performed with the enhancedchemiluminescence (ECL) system (GE healthcare) (Peng et al., (2010) SciSignal., 3(122): ra38).

Cells transduced with SMART vectors that harbor ITAM domains such asCD3Zeta or DAP12, may induce SYK phosphorylation selectively in thepresence but not the absence of antigen (e.g., multimerized, aggregated,or plate-bound ligand).

Example 13: SMART Receptor Ligand-Mediated Induction of DAP12Phosphorylation in Mouse Macrophages Expressing SMART Receptors

TREM2 signals through DAP12, leading downstream to activation of PI3Kand other intracellular signals. The ability of SMART ligands to induceDAP12 activation is determined by culturing mouse macrophages expressingcognate SMART receptors and measuring the phosphorylation state of DAP12protein in cell extracts.

Next, Lentiviral mediated transduction of the cells with vectorsencoding SMART1, SMART11, SMART12, SMART13, SMART14, SMART15, SMART16,or other chimeric receptors is performed. Monocytes are isolated frombuffy coats of healthy donors following Lymphoprep gradientcentrifugation and positive or negative magnetic antibody separation(Miltenyi Biotec, Leiden, Netherlands). Purity is assessed by flowcytometry of anti-CD14-PE stained cells. Isolated cells are cultured.Cells are matured to the appropriate phenotype. To ensure standardizedtransduction, lentiviral supernatants are titrated. Cells are plated ina 96-well plate at 50,000 cells/well and infected (50 ng p24) byspinoculation (90 min, 950 g, 32° C.), with continuous spinning in acentrifuge, in presence of 1 μM ritonavir (NIH AIDS Reagent Program,Germantown, Md.) in a final volume of 200 μL. On day 1 post-infection,medium is refreshed. Infection is measured on day 3 by flow cytometry,gaiting on live cells as determined by propidium iodide staining(Miltenyi Biotec).

Viral reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, quantitative real-time qPCRfor viral DNA of long terminal repeat sequences, or ELISA of p24 viralprotein are performed using standard techniques. Supernatant oflentiviral vector encoding a scrambled sequence or an eGFP marker geneshowed an MOI of 10 when measured on 293T cells and provided over 95%transduction efficiency. This lentiviral supernatant expressed RTactivity of 5,550 mU/ml (equivalent of 1 μg of p24/ml as assessed byELISA) in previous studies. Aliquots of this supernatant are included inall subsequent reverse transcriptase activity assays to serve as astandard reference for viral production.

On day 1 post isolation, medium is replaced with fresh medium containing50% lentiviral supernatant. RT activity of 2,750-5,550 mU/ml is used.Cells are subsequently spinoculated (90 min, 950 g, 32° C.) in thepresence of polybrene (4 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich, Diegem, Belgium). Mediumis refreshed 24 h post-transduction and cells are cultured usingstandard methods.

To generate virus, transfection of vectors into 293T cells is performedusing standard approaches. Viral production is achieved using standardsecond or third-generation lentiviral transduction vector packagingproduction kits, such as Virapower (Life Technologies/Fisher Scientific)using the manufacturer's instructions. The titer of the viralsupernatants is measured by quantification of reverse transcriptaseactivity via real time-PCR and expressed as equivalent p24 as describedabove.

Although lentiviral vectors can be inhibited in human myeloid cells,Witkowski et al. (Witkowski, Vermeire et al., PLoS One, e0133651, 2015)optimized the transduction of myeloid cells by investigating the effectof a range of parameters, including additives such as polybrene,spinoculation, and experimental timeline. This optimized protocol issubsequently used in the experiments described herein. Transduction isperformed by spinoculation as described above in the presence ofpolybrene, which can facilitate virus-cell binding and entry. To measuretransduction efficiency, a pLKO.1-derived lentiviral vector encoding aneGFP marker gene is used. Transduction efficiency, as well as themacrophage phenotype, is evaluated five days post-transduction.

Before stimulation with ligands, mouse wild-type (WT) bonemarrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and TREM2 knockout (KO) BMDM arestarved for 4 h in 1% serum RPMI. 15×10⁶ cells are incubated on ice for15 min.

Cells are washed and incubated at 37° C. After stimulation with ligands,cells are lysed with lysis buffer (1% v/v NP-40%, 50 Mm Tris-HCl (pH8.0), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 10% glycerol, plus proteaseand phosphatase inhibitors), followed by centrifugation at 16,000 g for10 min at 4° C. to remove insoluble materials. Cell lysate isimmunoprecipitated with a TREM2 antibody (R&D Systems) for total DAP12,or an antibody to human IgH variable domain (for selectively isolatingthe SMART receptor). Precipitated proteins are fractionated by SDS-PAGE,transferred to PVDF membranes, and probed with anti-phosphotyrosineantibody (4G10, Millipore). The membrane is stripped and reprobed withanti-DAP12 antibody (Cells Signaling, D7G1X). Each cell lysate used forTREM2 immunoprecipitations contains an equal amount of proteins, asindicated by a control Ab (anti-actin, Santa Cruz). DAP12 can bephosphorylated in macrophages transduced with a pro-repair SMARTchimeric receptor, in the presence of multimerized or aggregated cognateligand.

Example 14: SMART Ligand-Mediation Modulation of the Expression ofInflammatory Cell Surface Markers on Mouse or Human MacrophagesExpressing Cognate Chimeric SMART Receptors

In order to validate the regulation of inflammatory marker expression bySMART vectors, mouse or human macrophages are cultured with variousinflammatory mediators, and the expression of surface markers CD86 andCD206 is measured.

Macrophages are isolated from mice or humans and transduced ortransfected with SMART vectors. Cells are allowed to adhere for 4 h at37° C., and TLR agonists LPS (Salmonella abortus equi) and zymosan(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are added at concentrations ranging from0.01-100 ng/ml (LPS) or 0.01-10 μg/ml (zymosan). FACS analysis of CD86and CD206 is performed on a BD FACS Canto 48 hours later. Data analysisis performed with FlowJo (TreeStar) software version 10.0.7.

Macrophages transduced with pro-repair SMART receptors and treated withinflammatory mediators IFN-γ, LPS, or Zymosan in presence of cognateligand may express lower levels of the inflammatory receptor CD86 butnot of the receptor CD206 compared to macrophages not exposed to ligand.In contrast, macrophages transduced with pro-inflammatory SMARTreceptors and treated with inflammatory mediators IFN-γ, LPS, or Zymosanin the presence of cognate ligand (e.g., CD19-expressing B cell lineagetumor cells for SMART1 or SMART11-16) may express higher levels of theinflammatory receptor CD86 but not of the receptor CD206 compared tomacrophages not exposed to ligand.

Example 15: SMART Ligand-Mediated Increase in the Survival of Mouse orHuman Myeloid Cells Expressing Cognate Chimeric SMART Receptors

To evaluate the ability of SMART receptors to induce myeloid cellsurvival, mouse or human macrophages are transduced with SMART receptorsand cultured in the presence of inflammatory mediators, along with or inthe absence of cognate SMART receptor ligands. Cell survival issubsequently measured.

Murine bone marrow precursor cells are obtained by flushing tibial andfemoral marrow cells with cold PBS. After one wash with PBS,erythrocytes are lysed using ACK Lysing Buffer (Lonza), washed twicewith PBS, and suspended at 0.5x10⁶ cells/ml in complete RPMI media (10%FCS, Pen/Strep, Gln, neAA) with 50 ng/ml M-CSF to produce macrophages or10 ng/ml GM-CSF to produce dendritic cells. For M2-type macrophages, 10ng/ml IL-4 is added to the cultured cells. For M1-type macrophages, 50ng/ml IFN-γ is added. In some experiments LPS or zymosan is added to thecell culture at day 5 at a concentration range of 1 μg/ml-0.01 ng/ml.Recombinant cytokines are purchased from Peprotech.

Cells are transduced or transfected with a single SMART vector alone orany combination of SMART vectors. To analyze viability of bonemarrow-derived macrophages, cells are prepared as above and cultured inMCSF. Cells are either plated at 10⁵/200 μl in a 96-well plate (forviability analysis using a luciferase based-assay) or at 0.5×10⁶/1 ml ina 6-well plate (for Tripan Blue exclusion cell count) in non-tissueculture treated plates. Media containing fresh M-CSF is added at day 3.Cells are gently detached from the plates with 3 mM EDTA and countedusing a Burker chamber. For FACS analysis of live cells, macrophages arecultured either in 50 ng/ml MCSF for 6 days (+MCSF) or in 50 ng/ml MCSFfor 4 days before MCSF is removed for an additional 36 hrs (−MCSF).Cells are stained using CD11b antibody and DAPI. For luciferaseviability assays, cell viability is measured at day 5 of culture ingraded concentrations of growth factors GMCSF (dendritic cells), MCSF(M1 macrophages), or MCSF+IL-4 (M2 macrophages). Cells are directlyincubated with ToxGlo reagent (Promega) and luciferase activity(luminescence) is read using an XY reader. For FACS analysis of viablemacrophages cultured in the presence of inflammatory mediators IFN-γ,LPS, or zymosan, cells are collected at day 5 and stained using CD11bantibody and DAPI.

Ligand for SMART expressing myeloid cells may be presented on tumorcells or artificial antigen expressing cells; alternatively themultimerized ligand or epitopes may be presented free of cells. Forexample, for cell-bound ligand, human CD19 and CD80 expressingfibroblasts such as 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells (Latouche and Sadelain, NatBiotechnol, 405-409, 2000, Brentjens, Riviere et al., Blood, 4817-4828,2011), or tumor cells expressing CD19 ligand, can be irradiated at 30Gy. SMART-expressing macrophages are plated on the 3T3-CD19-CD80 cells,other artificial CD19 expressing cells, or on CD19 expressing tumorcells.

After culture in MCSF with cognate ligand, a significantly highernumbers of viable (trypan blue excluded) SMART-transduced macrophagesmay be observed than macrophages transduced with an empty vector or aSMART vector that does not recognize the ligand. FACS analysis mayreveal that SMART-expressing macrophages, cultured with or without MCSFalong with an appropriate stimulatory ligand, can display increasedsurvival compared to cells lacking SMART vectors, as indicated by ahigher percentage of live (CD11b+DAPI-) cells. For luciferase assays,SMART-expressing cells cultured in the presence of growth factors GMCSF(dendritic cells), MCSF (M1 macrophages), or MCSF+IL-4 (M2 macrophages),at any or all time points during the analysis, may survive better thancells lacking a SMART receptor or stimulating ligand, as indicated by ahigher luminescence reading across the range of growth factorconcentrations.

Example 16: Isolation of Monocytes from the Peripheral Blood of Mice

Six-month-old adult mice or 2 week old young mice (C57BL/6N; CharlesRiver, Germany) are given an intraperitoneal overdose of sodiumthiopental (12.5 mg; Sandoz, Austria) and perfused with 20 ml of 10 mMphosphate-buffer saline (PBS)/2.7 mM (5.5 mM) EDTA/25 mg/ml heparin, pH7.3 through the left ventricle. The collected effluent is centrifuged at550×g for 10 min at 4° C. The cell pellet is then resuspended in 4 ml ofPBS/EDTA solution and 380 μl (40 μl/1×10⁶ target cells) of S-pluriBeadsuspension (pluriBead S-Bead CD11b Cell Separation KIT, pluriSelect) isadded and incubated for 30 min on a pluriSelect pluriPlix at ˜10rpm/7.5° angle at room temperature. Following the incubation, the cellsuspension is poured directly onto the strainer and then washed 14× with1 ml of wash buffer in a circular motion. Following attachment of theprovided connector, tube and strainer, 1 ml of detachment buffer iscarefully added to the strainer (containing the isolated CD11b targetcells) and the cells are then incubated for 10 min at room temperature.Following incubation, 1 ml of wash buffer is added to the strainer andcells are separated from the beads by pipetting up and down (10×). TheLuer-Lock is opened and 1 ml of wash buffer is added to allow detachedCD11b+ cells to run into the provided tube. The strainer is then washed10× with 1 ml of wash buffer. The cells are then centrifuged at 250×gfor 10 min. The supernatant is carefully discarded and cells areresuspended in 100 μl of desired vehicle (e.g., FACS or infusionbuffer). Approximately 10.7±0.8 million (n=8) cells are isolated fromone animal.

Example 17: Delivery of Immature Dendritic Cells In Vivo

A DC-enriched population is generated from bone marrow using methodsknow in the art. After RBC lysis and washing with RPMI (Gibco, GrandIsland, N.Y., USA), cells are resuspended in freezing media (Gibco), andstored in liquid nitrogen. Upon rapid thawing, cells are washed withRPMI (Gibco) and seeded in 6-well plates at a concentration of2×10⁶cells/mL in complete media: RPMI 1640 (Gibco), 10% fetal bovineserum (fetal bovine serum, Gibco), 2 mmol/L L-glutamine (Gibco), 1%nonessential amino acids (Gibco), 1 mmol/L sodium pyruvate (Gibco), 1%penicillin-streptomycin and the cytokines, interleukin-4,granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, Flt-3 ligand (all at 5ng/mL/cytokine, RD Systems, Minneapolis, Minn., USA). On the third dayin vitro (DIV 3), 1 mL/well of complete media is added. On DIV 4, mediacontaining non-adherent cells is removed and replaced with 0.75 mLcomplete media containing 10 μg/mL protamine sulfate (Sigma, St Louis,Mo., USA) and cells are transduced with a lentiviral vector (LV)encoding a SMART chomeric receptor (multiplicity of infection (MOI)=10to 30). Eighteen hours post LV transduction, virus-containing media isreplaced with a combination of 75% complete media and 25% spun-downconditioned media from DIV 4. On DIV 6 to 7, cultures are harvested intheir media, spun at 1,300 r.p.m. at room temperature, and resuspendedin RPMI. Modified dendritic cells are then transfused. A catheter isinserted into the carotid artery and 2×10⁶ dendritic cells are infused(0.3 mL over 1 minute), 2.5×10⁶ cells are injected over 1 minute, orvehicle (50% RPMI 1640/50% complete media without cytokines) is injectedover 1 minute. After infusion, the catheter is removed, the arterysutured, and the wound closed.

At subsequent time points of 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 1month, peripheral cells, spleen cells, and bone marrow cells areisolated using standard methods. Analysis of genomic DNA from each ofthese tissues by PCR using primers selective for sequences within SMARTvectors may demonstrate the presence of cells that harbor SMART vectors.Furthermore, SMART cells transduced into mice that harbor cells (such astumor cells) or tumors that express the CD19 ligand may expand and be atsignificantly higher levels in such mice. Isolation and DNA analysis oftumor tissue from mice harboring tumors expressing a SMART ligand (suchas CD19) in mice transduced with SMART cells expressing vectorsselective for the cognate tumor antigen (such as CD19) may showexpansion of the SMART cell population. This may indicate increasedpresence of the SMART vector DNA sequence as assessed by quantitativePCR. Similarly, Immunohistochemical or FACS analysis of tumor tissue mayshow an increased presence of SMART-transduced myeloid cells in thecontext of tumors that harbor a cognate ligand, such as CD19. Increasedpresence of myeloid cells can be identified by typical markers,including CD11b and CD40.

Example 18: Induction of CCR7 and Migration Toward CCL19 and CCL21 inSMART Vector-Modified Microglia, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells in thePresence of Ligand

hi the presence of ligand, SMART-modified myeloid cells may induce CCR7and migration toward CCL19 and CCL21 in microglial cells, macrophages,and dendritic cells. Microglial, macrophages or dendritic cells areeither cultured with cognate ligand, or control media only. Cells arecollected after 72 h, immuno-labeled with CCR7 specific anti-bodies, andanalyzed by flow cytometry. To determine any functional consequences ofincreased CCR7 expression, a chemotaxis assay is performed. Microglia,macrophages or dendritic cells are stimulated with ligand or mediacontrol and placed in a two-chamber system. The number of cellsmigrating toward the chemokine ligands CCL19 and CCL21 is quantified(JEM (2005), 201, 647-657). For the chemotaxis assay, microglial,macrophages or dendritic cells are exposed to the ligand with or withouttreatment with 1 μg/ml LPS. SMART expressing microglia, macrophages ordendritic cells are transferred into the upper chamber of a transwellsystem (3 μm pore filter; Millipore) containing 450 μl medium with 100ng/ml CCL19 or CCL21 (both from PeproTech) in the lower chamber. After a1 h incubation period, the number of microglia, macrophages, ordendritic cells that have migrated to the lower chamber is counted inthree independent areas by microscopy (JEM (2005), 201, 647-657).

Example 19: Ability of Connate Ligands to Increase the Survival of SMARTChimeric Receptor-Expressing Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

To evaluate the role of SMART chimeric receptors in cell survival, SMARTvector-expressing macrophages and dendritic cells are cultured in thepresence of cognate ligand and cell viability is determined.

Murine bone marrow precursors are obtained by flushing tibial andfemoral marrow cells with cold PBS. After one wash with PBS,erythrocytes are lysed using ACK Lysing Buffer (Lonza), washed twicewith PBS and suspended at 0.5×10⁶ cells/ml in complete RPMI media (10%FCS, Pen/Strep, Gln, neAA) with the indicated amounts of 50 ng/ml M-CSFto produce macrophages, or 10 ng/ml GM-CSF to produce dendritic cells.For M2-type macrophages, 10 ng/ml IL-4 is added to the cultured cells.For M1-type macrophages, 50 ng/ml IFN-γ is added. In some experimentsLPS or zymosan is added to the cell culture at day 5 at a concentrationrange of 1 μg/ml-0.01 ng/ml. Recombinant cytokines are purchased fromPeprotech.

To analyze viability of bone marrow-derived macrophages, cells areprepared as above and cultured in MCSF. Cells are transduced,transfected, or otherwise modified to express SMART chimeric receptorsusing the techniques described above. Cells harboring SMART vectors orcontrol vector only are either plated at 10⁵/200 μl in a 96-well plate(for viability analysis using a luciferase based-assay) or at 0.5×10⁶/1ml in a 6-well plate (for Tripan Blue exclusion cell count) innon-tissue culture treated plates. Media containing fresh M-CSF is addedat day 3, with or without cognate ligand for the SMART receptors. Atindicated time points cells are gently detached from the plates with 3mM EDTA and counted using a Burker chamber. For FACS analysis of livecells, macrophages are cultured either in 50 ng/ml MCSF for 6 days(+MCSF) or in 50 ng/ml MCSF for 4 days before MCSF is removed for anadditional 36 hrs (−MCSF). Cells are stained using CD11b antibody andDAPI. For luciferase viability assays, cell viability is measured at day5 of culture in graded concentrations of growth factors GMCSF (dendriticcells), MCSF (M1 macrophages), or MCSF+IL-4 (M2 macrophages). Cells aredirectly incubated with ToxGlo reagent (Promega) and luciferase activity(luminescence) is determined. For FACS analysis of viable macrophagescultured in the presence of inflammatory mediators IFN-γ, LPS, orzymosan, cells are collected at day 5 and stained using CD11b antibodyand DAPI. All experiments are conducted in the presence or absence ofcognate ligand for the SMART receptors.

Example 20: Analysis of the Anti-Cancer Effect of SMARTReceptor-Expressing Myeloid Cells in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Groups of 10 BALB/c mice at 8 weeks (+/−2 weeks) of age are challengedsubcutaneously with 5×10⁶ EMT-6 tumor cells suspended in 100 ul PBS.Animals are anesthetized with isoflurane prior to implant. Starting atday 2, groups of mice are injected IV, intra-arterially, IP, orintra-tumor with SMART vector-expressing myeloid cells at 10̂5cells/mouse or more, 10̂6 cells per mouse or more, 10̂7 cells per mouse ormore, or >10̂8 cells. Tumor growth is monitored with a caliper biweeklyto measure tumor growth starting at day 4. The endpoint of theexperiment is a tumor volume of 2000 mm³ or 60 days. Tumor growth and %survival are the outcome measures. Reduced tumor take and growth rate,reduced number of tumor infiltrating immune suppressor macrophages, andincreased effector T cell influx into the tumor may indicate theanti-cancer effects of SMART receptor-expressing myeloid cells.

Example 21: Analysis of Additive Anti-Tumor Effect of CombinationTherapy that Combines SMART Cell Therapies with Antibodies AgainstInhibitory Checkpoint Proteins or Inhibitory Cytokines/Chemokines andtheir Receptors in a Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Groups of 10 BALB/c mice at 8 weeks (+/−2 weeks) of age are challengedsubcutaneously with 5×106 EMT-6 tumor cells suspended in 100 ul PBS.Animals are anesthetized with isoflurane prior to implant. Starting atday 2, groups of mice are injected IV, intra-arterially, IP, orintra-tumor with SMART vector-expressing myeloid cells at 10̂5cells/mouse or more, 10̂6 cells per mouse or more, 10̂7 cells per mouse ormore, or >10̂8 cells alone or in combination with antibodies againstcheckpoint proteins (e.g., anti-PDL1 mAb clone 10E9G2 and/or anti-CTLA-4mAb clone 9H10) at day 8 and 11. Treatment groups include SMART-myeloidcells; anti-CTLA-4; SMART-myeloid cells+anti-CTLA-4 and isotype control.Tumor growth is monitored with a caliper biweekly to measure tumorgrowth starting at day 4. The endpoint of the experiment is a tumorvolume of 2000 mm3 or 60 days. Tumor growth and % survival are theoutcome measures. A decrease in tumor growth and an increase in percentsurvival with combination therapy may indicate that SMART-expressingmyeloid cells have additive or synergistic therapeutic effects withanti-checkpoint antibodies. Antagonistic antibodies against checkpointmolecules include antibodies against PDL1, PDL2, PD1, CTLA-4, B7-H3,B7-H4, HVEM, BTLA, KIR, GALS, TIM3, A2AR, LAG-3, and phosphatidylserine(PS). Antagonist antibodies against inhibitory cytokines includeantibodies against CCL2, CSF-1, and IL-2.

Example 22: Analysis of Additive Anti-Tumor Effect of CombinationTherapy that Combines SMART-Expressing Myeloid Cells with Antibodiesthat Activate Stimulatory Checkpoint Proteins

Groups of 15 C57B16/NTac mice at 8 weeks (+/- 2 weeks) of age arechallenged subcutaneously with tumor cells as described in Example 21Animals are anesthetized with isoflurane prior to implant. Starting atday 2, mice are injected IV, intra-arterially, IP, or intra-tumor withSMART vector-expressing myeloid cells at 10̂5 cells/mouse or more, 10̂6cells per mouse or more, 10̂7 cells per mouse or more, or >10̂8 cellsalone or in combination with agonistic antibodies that activatestimulatory checkpoint proteins (e.g., OX40 or ICOS mAb) at day 3, 6,and 9. Tumor growth is monitored with a caliper biweekly to measuretumor growth starting at day 4. The endpoint of the experiment is atumor volume of 2000 mm³ or 60 days. Tumor growth and percent survivalare the outcome measures. A decrease in tumor growth and an increase inpercent survival with combination therapy may indicate thatSMART-expressing myeloid cells have additive or synergistic therapeuticeffects with stimulatory checkpoint antibodies. Stimulatory checkpointantibodies include agonistic/stimulatory antibodies against CD28, ICOS,CD137, CD27, CD40, and GITR.

Example 23: Analysis of Additive Anti-Tumor Effect of CombinationTherapy that Combines SMART-Expressing Myeloid Cells with StimulatoryCytokines

Groups of 15 C57B16/NTac mice at 8 weeks (+/− 2 weeks) of age arechallenged subcutaneously with tumor cells as described in Example 21Animals are anesthetized with isoflurane prior to implant. Starting atday 2, mice are injected IV, intra-arterially, IP, or intra-tumor withSMART vector-expressing myeloid cells at 10̂5 cells/mouse or more, 10̂6cells per mouse or more, 10̂7 cells per mouse or more, or >10̂8 cellsalone or in combination with stimulatory cytokines (e.g., IL-12, IFN-a).Tumor growth is monitored with a caliper biweekly to measure tumorgrowth starting at day 4. The endpoint of the experiment is a tumorvolume of 2000 mm³ or 60 days. Tumor growth and percent survival are theoutcome measures. A decrease in tumor growth and an increase in percentsurvival with combination therapy may indicate that SMART-expressingmyeloid cells have additive or synergistic therapeutic effects withimmune-stimulatory cytokines. Stimulatory cytokines include IFN-a/b,IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, GM-CSF, and G-CSF.

What is claimed is:
 1. A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor,wherein the chimeric receptor comprises: (1) an extracellularligand-binding domain, wherein the ligand is an agent associated withcancer; (2) a transmembrane domain; and (3) a signaling domain, whereinbinding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor expressed in an innateimmune cell activates the signaling domain, and the activated signalingdomain induces and/or enhances (i) an M1 phenotype in the innate immunecell, (ii) secretion of one or more pro-inflammatory cytokines from theinnate immune cell, (iii) the innate immune cell's activity ininhibiting an immune checkpoint molecule, (iv) the innate immune cell'sactivity in inhibiting myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) suppressorsignaling, (v) the innate immune cell's activity in inducing cytotoxic Tcell (CTL) activation, (vi) the innate immune cell's activity indepressing a T cell, or any combination thereof.
 2. The polynucleotideof claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a nucleic acid sequenceselected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 27-33.
 3. An isolatedpolynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor, wherein the polynucleotidecomprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting ofSEQ ID NOs: 27-33.
 4. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1-3,wherein the chimeric receptor comprises an amino acid sequence selectedform the group consisting of SEQ ID Nos: 20-26.
 5. The polynucleotide ofany one of claims 1-4, wherein the ligand-binding domain is selectedfrom the group consisting of a single-domain antibody, a nanobody, aheavy-chain antibody, a V_(NAR) fragment, a single-chain Fv domain(scFv), a V_(L) domain linked to a V_(H) domain by a flexible linker, anantibody Fab, and an extracellular domain of a receptor.
 6. Thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the agent associatedwith cancer is a tumor antigen.
 7. The polynucleotide of any one ofclaims 6, wherein the tumor antigen is selected from the groupconsisting of CD19, CD20, CD22, ROR1, mesothelin, CD33/IL3Ra, c-Met,PSMA, Glycolipid F77, EGFRvIII, GD-2, NY-ESO-1, and MAGE A3.
 8. Thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the ligand-bindingdomain is a CD19 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) domain.
 9. Thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the cancer is selectedfrom the group consisting of bladder cancer, brain cancer, breastcancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer,renal cell cancer, renal pelvis cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, melanoma,non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, ovariancancer, fibrosarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloidleukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloidleukemia (CML), multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera, essentialthrombocytosis, primary or idiopathic myelofibrosis, primary oridiopathic myelosclerosis, myeloid-derived tumors, thyroid cancer, andany combination thereof.
 10. The polynucleotide of any one of claims1-9, wherein the transmembrane domain is a transmembrane domain from aprotein selected from the group consisting of a receptor tyrosine kinase(RTK), an M-CSF receptor, CSF-1R, Kit, TIE3, an ITAM-containing protein,DAP12, DAP10, an Fc receptor, FcR-gamma, FcR-epsilon, FcR-beta,TCR-zeta, CD3-gamma, CD3-delta, CD3-epsilon, CD3-zeta, CD3-eta, CD5,CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD66d, TNF-alpha, NF-kappaB, a TLR (toll-likereceptor), TLR5, Myd88, lymphocyte receptor chain, IL-2 receptor, IgE,IgG, CD16α, FcγRIII, FcγRII, CD28, 4-1BB, CD4, and CD8.
 11. Thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the transmembranedomain is a transmembrane domain selected from the group consisting of aCD8 transmembrane domain, a DAP12 transmembrane domain, a CASF-1Rtransmembrane domain, and a TLR5 transmembrane domain.
 12. Thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the signaling domainis a signaling domain selected from the group consisting of a 4-1BBintracellular domain, a CSF-1R receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)intracellular domain, a TLR5 intracellular domain, a CD28 intracellulardomain, and any combination thereof.
 13. The polynucleotide of any oneof claims 1-12, wherein the innate immune cell is an innate immune cellselected from the group consisting of macrophages, M1 macrophages,activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, neutrophils, activatedneutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, osteoclasts,Langerhans cells, Kupffer cells, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1microglia, M2 microglia, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, andany combination thereof.
 14. The polynucleotide of any one of claims1-12, wherein the innate immune cell is a myeloid cell.
 15. Thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the chimeric receptorfurther comprises one or more additional signaling domains.
 16. Thepolynucleotide of claim 15, wherein the one or more additional signalingdomains comprise a signaling domain from one or more proteins selectedfrom the group consisting of a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), an M-CSFreceptor, CSF-1R, Kit, TIE3, DAP12, DAP10, an Fc receptor, FcR-gamma,FcR-epsilon, FcR-beta, TCR-zeta, CD3-gamma, CD3-delta, CD3-epsilon,CD3-zeta, CD3-eta, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, CD66d, TNF-alpha, NF-KappaB,a TLR (toll-like receptor), TLRS, Myd88, TOR/CD3 complex, lymphocytereceptor chain, IL-2 receptor, IgE, IgG, CD16α, FcγRIII, FcγRII, CD28,4-1BB, and any combination thereof.
 17. The polynucleotide of claim 15,wherein the one or more additional signaling domains comprise asignaling domain selected from the group consisting of a CD3-zeta ITAMdomain, a CD3-zeta intracellular domain, a DAP12 intracellular domain, aTCR-zeta intracellular domain, a DAP10 intracellular domain, anFcR-gamma intracellular domain, and any combination thereof.
 18. Thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the chimeric receptorfurther comprises a flexible linker located between the transmembranedomain and the signaling domain.
 19. The polynucleotide of claim 18,wherein the flexible linker is a flexible linker selected from the groupconsisting of a CD8 hinge domain, a TLRS hinge domain, and a CSF-1Rlinker domain.
 20. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1-19, whereinthe chimeric receptor further comprises a signal peptide at theN-terminus of the chimeric receptor.
 21. The polynucleotide of claim 20,wherein the signal peptide is a CD8 secretory signal peptide.
 22. Thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the chimeric receptorfurther comprises a heterodimerization domain.
 23. The polynucleotide ofclaim 22, wherein the heterodimerization domain is an inducibleheterodimerization domain.
 24. The polynucleotide of claim 23, whereinthe heterodimerization domain is a FK506 binding protein (FKBP)heterodimerization domain.
 25. The polynucleotide of claim 23, whereinthe heterodimerization domain is a T2089L mutant of FKBP-rapamycinbinding domain (FRB*) heterodimerization domain.
 26. The polynucleotideof any one of claims 1-25, wherein binding of the ligand to the chimericreceptor expressed in the innate immune cell induces one or more innateimmune cell activities selected from the group consisting of: a. TREM1phosphorylation; b. DAP12 phosphorylation; c. activation of one or moretyrosine kinases; d. activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K);e. activation of protein kinase B; f. recruitment of phospholipaseC-gamma (PLC-gamma) to a cellular plasma membrane, activation ofPLC-gamma, or both; g. recruitment of TEC-family kinase dVav to acellularplasma membrane; h. activation of nuclear factor-rB (NF-rB); i.inhibition of MAPK signaling; j. phosphorylation of linker foractivation of T cells (LAT), linker for activation of B cells (LAB), orboth; k. activation of IL-2-induced tyrosine kinase (Itk); l. modulationof one or more pro-inflammatory mediators selected from the groupconsisting of IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CRP, IL-20 familymembers, IL-33, LIF, IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, IL-17,IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10, MCP-1, and any combination thereof; m. modulationof one or more anti-inflammatory mediators selected from the groupconsisting of IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-13, IL-35, IL-16, IFN-α, IL-1Rα,VEGF, G-CSF, soluble receptors for TNF, soluble receptors for IL-6, andany combination thereof; n. phosphorylation of extracellularsignal-regulated kinase (ERK); o. modulated expression of C—C chemokinereceptor 7 (CCR7); p. induction of microglial cell chemotaxis towardCCL19 and CCL21 expressing cells; q. normalization of disruptedITAM-dependent gene expression; r. recruitment of Syk, ZAP70, or both toan ITAM complex; s. increased activity of one or more ITAM-dependentgenes or CSF-1R-dependent genes; t. increased maturation of dendriticcells, monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, andM2 microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or anycombination thereof; u. increased ability of dendritic cells, monocytes,microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, and M2 microglia,macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages,astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof toprime or modulate the function of T cells; v. enhanced ability,normalized ability, or both of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells toprime or modulate function of antigen-specific T cells; w. induction ofosteoclast production, increased rate of osteoclastogenesis, or both; x.increased survival of dendritic cells, macrophages, M1 macrophages,activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, monocytes, osteoclasts,Langerhans cells, Kupffer cells, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1microglia, M2 microglia, Astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, orany combination thereof; y. increased function of dendritic cells,macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages,microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia,astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof; z.increasing phagocytosis by dendritic cells, macrophages, M1 macrophages,activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, monocytes, microglia, M1microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia, astrocytes, A1astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof; aa. induction ofone or more types of clearance selected from the group consisting ofapoptotic neuron clearance, nerve tissue debris clearance, non-nervetissue debris clearance, bacteria clearance, other foreign bodyclearance, disease-causing protein clearance, disease-causing peptideclearance, disease-causing nucleic acid clearance, tumor cell clearance,and any combination thereof; bb. induction of phagocytosis of one ormore of apoptotic neurons, nerve tissue debris, non-nerve tissue debris,dysfunctional synapses, bacteria, other foreign bodies, disease-causingproteins, disease-causing peptides, disease-causing nucleic acids, tumorcells, or any combination thereof; cc. increased expression of one ormore stimulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of CD83,CD86 MHC class II, CD40, and any combination thereof; dd. modulatedexpression of one or more proteins selected from the group consisting ofC1qa, C1qB, C1qC, C1s, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA,VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TyroBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX,PYCARD, VEGF, and any combination thereof; ee. activation of tumor cellkilling by one or more of microglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bonemarrow-derived dendritic cells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof;ff. activating anti-tumor cell proliferation activity of one or more ofmicroglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-derived dendriticcells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof; gg. activatinganti-tumor cell metastasis activity of one or more of microglia,macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,neutrophils, or any combination thereof; hh. decreasing tumor volume;ii. decreasing tumor growth rate; and jj. increasing efficacy of one ormore immune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor T cell responses,optionally wherein the one or more immune-therapies are selected fromPD1/PDL1 blockade, CTLA-4 blockade, and cancer vaccines.
 27. Thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the polynucleotide isa DNA polynucleotide.
 28. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1-26,wherein the polynucleotide is an RNA polynucleotide.
 29. A vectorcomprising the polynucleotide of any one of claims 1-28.
 30. The vectorof claim 29, wherein the vector is a lentiviral vector, a retroviralvector, a sleeping beauty vector, an AAV vector, or a non-viral plasmidvector.
 31. An isolated chimeric receptor encoded by the polynucleotideof any one of claims 1-28.
 32. An isolated innate immune cell comprisingthe polynucleotide of any one of claims 1-28.
 33. An isolated innateimmune cell comprising the vector of claim 29 or claim
 30. 34. Anisolated innate immune cell comprising the chimeric receptor of any oneof claim
 31. 35. The isolated innate immune of any one of claims 32-34,wherein the cell is a myeloid cell.
 36. The innate immune cell of anyone of claims 32-34, wherein the cell is selected from the groupconsisting of a macrophage, an M1 macrophage, an activated M1macrophage, an M2 macrophage, a neutrophil, a NK cell, a dendritic cell,a monocyte, an osteoclast, a Langerhans cell, a Kupffer cell, amicroglial cell, an M1 microglial cell, an activated M1 microglial cell,an M2 microglial cell, an astrocyte, an A1 astrocyte, and an A2astrocyte.
 37. The isolated innate immune cell of any one of claims32-36, wherein the cell lacks one or more genes encoding one or moreimmune molecules that allow for recognition by the adaptive immunesystem.
 38. The isolated innate immune cell of claim 37, wherein the oneor more immune molecules are MHC class I molecules, MHC class Ico-receptors, MHC class II molecules, MHC class II co-receptors, or anycombination thereof.
 39. The isolated innate immune cell of claim 37 orclaim 38, wherein the one or more genes were deleted using a nucleaseselected from the group consisting of a Cas9 nuclease, a TALEN, and aZFN.
 40. An isolated myeloid cell expressing the chimeric receptor ofclaim 31, wherein the cell phenotype is modified in vitro or in vivo byaddition of one or more of GM-CSF, MCSF, IL-1, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12,TNF-α, TGF-beta, LPS, or any combination thereof.
 41. A method ofproducing an innate immune cell expressing a chimeric receptor,comprising: (a) isolating an innate immune cell; (b) introducing thevector of claim 29 or claim 30 into the cell; and (c) culturing the cellso that the chimeric receptor is expressed.
 42. The method of claim 41,wherein the innate immune cell is a myeloid cell.
 43. The method ofclaim 41, wherein the innate immune cell is selected from the groupconsisting of a macrophage, an M1 macrophage, an activated M1macrophage, an M2 macrophage, a neutrophil, a NK cell, a dendritic cell,a monocyte, an osteoclast, a Langerhans cell, a Kupffer cell, amicroglial cell, an M1 microglial cell, an activated M1 microglial cell,an M2 microglial cell, an astrocyte, an A1 astrocyte, and an A2astrocyte.
 44. An isolated innate immune cell comprising a chimericreceptor produced by the method of any one of claims 41-43.
 45. Theisolated cell of any one of claims 32-40 and 44, wherein the cellfurther expresses one or more signaling factors that promote an M2phenotype by inhibiting a TNF-alpha/NF-KappaB pathway a TLR/MyD88pathway, or both.
 46. The isolated cell of claim 45, wherein the one ormore signaling factors that promote an M2 phenotype by inhibiting aTNF-alpha/NF-KappaB pathway are selected from the group consisting of adominant negative IKK-alpha, a dominant negative IKK-alpha IKK-beta, adominant negative IKK-alpha IKBa (IKBa-DN), a MEKK isoform, and anycombination thereof.
 47. The isolated cell of claim 45 or claim 46,wherein the one or more signaling factors that promote an M2 phenotypeby inhibiting a TLR/MyD88 pathway are one or more dominant negativeforms of MyD88.
 48. A pharmaceutical composition comprising thepolynucleotide of any one of claims 1-28, and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.
 49. A pharmaceutical composition comprising thevector of claim 29 or claim 30, and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.
 50. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the chimericreceptor of claim 31, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 51. Apharmaceutical composition comprising the isolated cell of any one ofclaims 32-40 and 44-47, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 52. Amethod of preventing, reducing risk, or treating cancer, comprisingadministering to an individual in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the isolated cell of any one of claims 32-40, and44-47.
 53. A method of preventing, reducing risk, or treating cancer inan individual in need thereof, comprising: (a) obtaining a plurality ofisolated innate immune cells; (b) introducing the vector of claim 29 orclaim 30 into the plurality of isolated innate immune cells; and (c)administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount ofthe plurality of isolated innate immune cells containing the vector. 54.The method of claim 52 or claim 53, wherein binding of the ligand to thechimeric receptor expressed in the cell induces an increase in myeloidcell activation, proliferation, survival, phagocytosis, and/orfunctionality.
 55. The method of any one of claims 52-54, wherein thecancer is selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer, braincancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, endometrial cancer,kidney cancer, renal cell cancer, renal pelvis cancer, leukemia, lungcancer, melanoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostatecancer, ovarian cancer, fibrosarcoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL),chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma, polycythemia vera,essential thrombocytosis, primary or idiopathic myelofibrosis, primaryor idiopathic myelosclerosis, myeloid-derived tumors, thyroid cancer,and any combination thereof.
 56. The method of any one of claims 52-55,wherein the cells are selected from the group consisting of macrophages,M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, neutrophils,NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, osteoclasts, Langerhans cells,Kupffer cells, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2microglia, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, and any combinationthereof.
 57. The method of any one of claims 52-56, wherein theadministering induces one or more activities selected from the groupconsisting of: a. TREM1 phosphorylation; b. DAP12 phosphorylation; c.activation of one or more tyrosine kinases; d. activation ofphosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K); e. activation of protein kinase B;f. recruitment of phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma) to a cellular plasmamembrane, activation of PLC-gamma, or both; g. recruitment of TEC-familykinase dVav to a cellular plasma membrane; h. activation of nuclearfactor-rB (NF-rB); i. inhibition of MARK signaling; j. phosphorylationof linker for activation of T cells (LAT), linker for activation of Bcells (LAB), or both; k. activation of IL-2-induced tyrosine kinase(Ilk); l. modulation of one or more pro-inflammatory mediators selectedfrom the group consisting of IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8,CRP, IL-20 family members, IL-33, LIF, IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF,IL-11, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10, MCP-1, and any combinationthereof; m. modulation of one or more anti-inflammatory mediatorsselected from the group consisting of IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-13, IL-35,IL-16, IFN-α, IL-1Rα, VEGF, G-CSF, soluble receptors for TNF, solublereceptors for IL-6, and any combination thereof; n. phosphorylation ofextracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK); o. modulated expression ofC—C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7); p. induction of microglial cellchemotaxis toward CCL19 and CCL21 expressing cells; q. normalization ofdisrupted ITAM-dependent gene expression; r. recruitment of Syk, ZAP70,or both to an ITAM complex; s. increased activity of one or moreITAM-dependent genes or CSF-1R-dependent genes; t. increased maturationof dendritic cells, monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1microglia, and M2 microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1macrophages, M2 macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes,or any combination thereof; u. increased ability of dendritic cells,monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, and M2microglia, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2macrophages, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or anycombination thereof to prime or modulate the function of T cells; v.enhanced ability, normalized ability, or both of bone marrow-deriveddendritic cells to prime or modulate function of antigen-specific Tcells; w. induction of osteoclast production, increased rate ofosteoclastogenesis, or both; x. increased survival of dendritic cells,macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages,monocytes, osteoclasts, Langerhans cells, Kupffer cells, microglia, M1microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2 microglia, Astrocytes, A1astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combination thereof; y. increasedfunction of dendritic cells, macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1macrophages, M2 macrophages, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1microglia, M2 microglia, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, orany combination thereof; z. increasing phagocytosis by dendritic cells,macrophages, M1 macrophages, activated M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages,monocytes, microglia, M1 microglia, activated M1 microglia, M2microglia, astrocytes, A1 astrocytes, A2 astrocytes, or any combinationthereof; aa. induction of one or more types of clearance selected fromthe group consisting of apoptotic neuron clearance, nerve tissue debrisclearance, non-nerve tissue debris clearance, bacteria clearance, otherforeign body clearance, disease-causing protein clearance,disease-causing peptide clearance, disease-causing nucleic acidclearance, tumor cell clearance, and any combination thereof; bb.induction of phagocytosis of one or more of apoptotic neurons, nervetissue debris, non-nerve tissue debris, dysfunctional synapses,bacteria, other foreign bodies, disease-causing proteins,disease-causing peptides, disease-causing nucleic acids, tumor cells, orany combination thereof; cc. increased expression of one or morestimulatory molecules selected from the group consisting of CD83, CD86MHC class II, CD40, and any combination thereof; dd. modulatedexpression of one or more proteins selected from the group consisting ofC1qa, C1qB, C1qC, C1s, C1R, C4, C2, C3, ITGB2, HMOX1, LAT2, CASP1, CSTA,VSIG4, MS4A4A, C3AR1, GPX1, TyroBP, ALOX5AP, ITGAM, SLC7A7, CD4, ITGAX,PYCARD, VEGF, and any combination thereof; ee. activation of tumor cellkilling by one or more of microglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bonemarrow-derived dendritic cells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof;ff. activating anti-tumor cell proliferation activity of one or more ofmicroglia, macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-derived dendriticcells, neutrophils, or any combination thereof; gg. activatinganti-tumor cell metastasis activity of one or more of microglia,macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells,neutrophils, or any combination thereof; hh. decreasing tumor volume;ii. decreasing tumor growth rate; and jj. increasing efficacy of one ormore immune-therapies that modulate anti-tumor T cell responses,optionally wherein the one or more immune-therapies are selected fromPD1/PDL1 blockade, CTLA-4 blockade, and cancer vaccines.
 58. The methodof any one of claims 52-57, further comprising administering to theindividual at least one antibody that specifically binds to aninhibitory checkpoint molecule, and/or one or more standard orinvestigational anti-cancer therapies.
 59. The method of claim 58,wherein the at least one antibody that specifically binds to aninhibitory checkpoint molecule is administered in combination with thecells.
 60. The method of claim 58 or claim 59, wherein the at least oneantibody that specifically binds to an inhibitory checkpoint molecule isselected from the group consisting of an anti-PD-L1 antibody, ananti-CTLA4 antibody, an anti-PD-L2 antibody, an anti-PD-1 antibody, ananti-B7-H3 antibody, an anti-B7-H4 antibody, and anti-HVEM antibody, ananti-B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) antibody, an anti-Killerinhibitory receptor (KIR) antibody, an anti-GALS antibody, an anti-TIM3antibody, an anti-AZAR antibody, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, ananti-phosphatidylserine antibody, an anti-CD27 antibody, an anti-TNF-αantibody, an anti-CD33 antibody, an anti-Siglec-5 antibody, ananti-Siglec-7 antibody, an anti-Siglec-9 antibody, an anti-Siglec-11antibody, an antagonistic anti-TREM1 antibody, an antagonisticanti-TREM2 antibody, and any combination thereof.
 61. The method ofclaim 58, wherein the one or more standard or investigationalanti-cancer therapies are selected from the group consisting ofradiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, imatinibtherapy, trastuzumab therapy, etanercept therapy, adoptive cell transfer(ACT) therapy, chimeric antigen receptor T cell transfer (CAR-T)therapy, vaccine therapy, and cytokine therapy.
 62. The method of anyone of claims 52-61, further comprising administering to the individualat least one antibody that specifically binds to an inhibitory cytokine.63. The method of claim 62, wherein the at least one antibody thatspecifically binds to an inhibitory cytokine is administered incombination with the cells.
 64. The method of claim 62 or claim 63,wherein the at least one antibody that specifically binds to aninhibitory cytokine is selected from the group consisting of ananti-CCL2 antibody, an anti-CSF-1 antibody, an anti-IL-2 antibody, andany combination thereof.
 65. The method of any one of claims 52-64,further comprising administering to the individual at least oneagonistic antibody that specifically binds to a stimulatory checkpointprotein.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the at least one agonisticantibody that specifically binds to a stimulatory checkpoint protein isadministered in combination with the cells.
 67. The method of claim 65or claim 66, wherein the at least one agonistic antibody thatspecifically binds to a stimulatory checkpoint protein is selected fromthe group consisting of an agonist anti-CD40 antibody, an agonistanti-OX40 antibody, an agonist anti-ICOS antibody, an agonist anti-CD28antibody, an agonistic anti-TREM1 antibody, an agonistic anti-TREM2antibody, an agonist anti-CD137/4-1BB antibody, an agonist anti-CD27antibody, an agonist anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related proteinGITR antibody, and any combination thereof.
 68. The method of any one ofclaims 52-67, further comprising administering to the individual atleast one stimulatory cytokine.
 69. The method of claim 68, wherein theat least one stimulatory cytokine is administered in combination withthe cells.
 70. The method of claim 68 or claim 69, wherein the at leastone stimulatory cytokine is selected from the group consisting ofIFN-a4, IFN-b, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, CRP, IL-20 family members, LIF,IFN-gamma, OSM, CNTF, GM-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-23, CXCL10,IL-33, MCP-1, MIP-1-beta, and any combination thereof.